Global Warming
The climate system 89 A simple model of the El Ni ̃no El Ni ̃no events are good examples of the strong coupling which occurs bet ...
90 Modelling theclimate Figure 5.13Schematic of the climate system. Since we live in the atmosphere the variables commonly used ...
Feedbacks in theclimate system 91 Figure 5.14Schematic of the physical processes associated with clouds. Water vapour feedback T ...
92 Modelling theclimate Cloud radiative forcing A concept helpful in distinguishing between the two effects of clouds mentioned ...
Feedbacks in theclimate system 93 Table 5.1Estimates of global average temperature changes under different assumptions about cha ...
94 Modelling theclimate Figure 5.16Estimates of transport of heat by the oceans. Units are terawatts (10^12 W or million million ...
Models for climateprediction 95 transported by the atmosphere. However, the regional distribution of that transport is very diff ...
96 Modelling theclimate for showers and thunderstorms) are affected by higher surface tem- peratures. All these processes are al ...
Models for climateprediction 97 Figure 5.17Component elements and parameters of a coupled atmosphere–ocean model including the e ...
98 Modelling theclimate distribution of salt in the ocean, which in turn affects the ocean density. It is not surprising, theref ...
Models for climateprediction 99 The ocean’s deep circulation For climate change over periods up to a decade, only the upper laye ...
100 Modellingthe climate of evaporation) and albedo (reflectivity to solar radiation). The models keep track of the changes in s ...
Validation of themodel 101 Figure 5.19Changes in the Earth’s elliptical orbit from the present configuration to 9000 years ago a ...
102 Modellingthe climate Modelling of tracers in the ocean A test that assists in validating the ocean compo- nent of the model ...
Comparison withobservations 103 Figure 5.21The predicted and observed changes in global land and ocean surface air temperature a ...
104 Modellingthe climate Temperature anomalies ( C) Temperature anomalies ( C) (a) Natural (b) Anthropogenic (c) All forcings 18 ...
Comparison withobservations 105 Our ability to quantify the human influence on global climate is currently limited because the e ...
106 Modellingthe climate into account, the conclusion reached in the IPCC 2001 Report^20 is as follows. In the light of new evid ...
Regional climatemodelling 107 A good place to look for further evidence is in the record of cli- mates of the past, presented in ...
108 Modellingthe climate Figure 5.24(a) Representation of the Philippines in RCMs with resolutions of 25 km and 50 km and in a G ...
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