Principles and Practice of Pharmaceutical Medicine

alter biological activity. The potential for the repli- cation of viruses or bacteria in fermenters, and their persistence in fi ...

hormones ranging from tripeptides, for example corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), through cyclic nonapeptides like vasopress ...

Enzymes Several peptide drugs are enzymes. Dornase alpha (Pulmozyme; Genentech, Inc.) is an example, which is used to improve th ...

biological effect is to enhance general, lymphocyte- mediated attack on the antigen-bearing cell. Cytokines include the large an ...

the appropriate intracellular and intranuclear sites is more difficult. The first antisense drug to be approved is for the treat ...

pressure powered displacement from a plastic matrix occurs. Nonviral vectors are mostly liposomes of one type or another. Liposo ...

gene and other biotechnology therapies in princi- ple, there is often greater complexity associated with the former. These compl ...

of misunderstanding. For example, the cloning of mammals (sheep at Roslin Therapeutics, Scotland; mice at the University of Hawa ...

to integrate these with observable (pharmaco) epidemiology. This demands computational expense that would have been unimaginable ...

23 Pharmacoeconomics: Economic and Humanistic Outcomes Raymond J. Townsend, Jane T. OsterhausandJ. Gregory Boyer Increased compe ...

23.1 Outcomes, health economics and pharmacoeconomics Outcomes researchis the study of the end results of medical interventions: ...

to breathe is very different from being alive and fully functional. Additionally, intermediate out- comes (e.g. alleviation of p ...

could be a clinical or a humanistic outcome, but only needs to be measured once in a study. 23.3 Pharmacoeconomics in developmen ...

been lost. One of the most frequently requested pieces of information by formulary committees and reimbursement agencies is, ‘Wh ...

important in finding this baseline. The goal is to identify a benchmark, documenting thestatus quo. This baseline is critical to ...

than electronic databases must be used. One advan- tage of using clinical trial patients is the certainty of having patients wit ...

two-week, open-label course of treatment. At the other extreme, a randomized controlled trial (RCT), using a double-blind, place ...

they traditional or pharmacoeconomic end points. The handling and analysis of pharmacoeconomic data should follow good clinical ...

23.8 Current and future uses of pharmacoeconomic outcomes The future for pharmacoeconomics is promising in the current healthcar ...

addition to decision making, it does need to be put in appropriate context. It is a new and essential part of older and previous ...