The Language of Argument
2 6 3 12 Choices Probabilities are used not only when we determine what to believe but also when we choose what to do. Although ...
2 6 4 C H A P T E R 1 2 ■ C h o i c e s your net gain on your $1 ticket is only $9,999,999. The state, after all, still has your ...
2 6 5 E x p e c t e d M o n e t a r y V a l u e Compute the probability and the expected monetary value for the following bets. ...
2 6 6 C H A P T E R 1 2 ■ C h o i c e s Expected Overall Value Given that lotteries usually have an extremely unfavorable expect ...
2 6 7 E x p e c t e d O v e r a l l V a l u e certainly no, for, even though the expected monetary value is positive, the odds o ...
2 6 8 C H A P T E R 1 2 ■ C h o i c e s Though the situation is somewhat far-fetched, suppose you are going to the drugstore to ...
2 6 9 D e c i s i o n s U n d e r I g n o r a n c e As an example of partial ignorance, suppose that, just after graduating from ...
2 7 0 C H A P T E R 1 2 ■ C h o i c e s The problem with the rule of insufficient reason is that it may seem arbitrary to assume ...
2 7 1 D e c i s i o n s U n d e r I g n o r a n c e Another problem is that the maximax and maximin rules do not take probabilit ...
2 7 2 C H A P T E R 1 2 ■ C h o i c e s NOTES (^1) If the lottery gave a consolation prize of a shiny new quarter to all losers, ...
2 7 3 IV F a l l a c i e s When inferences are defective, they are called fallacious. When defective styles of reasoning are rep ...
97364_ch13_ptg01_273-290.indd 274 15/11/13 11:01 AM some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s) ...
2 7 5 13 Fallacies of Vagueness This chapter examines one of the main ways in which arguments can be defective or falla- cious b ...
2 7 6 cHaP Te r 1 3 ■ F a l l a c i e s o f V a g u e n e s s Vagueness Perhaps the most common form of unclarity is vagueness. ...
2 7 7 V a g u e n e s s a lightweight. This example illustrates a common problem and its solution. A term that works perfectly w ...
2 7 8 cHaP Te r 1 3 ■ F a l l a c i e s o f V a g u e n e s s Heaps The existence of borderline cases is essential to various st ...
2 7 9 H e a p s Despite its plausibility, everyone should agree that there is something wrong with this argument. If we hand ove ...
2 8 0 cHaP Te r 1 3 ■ F a l l a c i e s o f V a g u e n e s s creates a paradox to which they have no solution. These views beco ...
2 8 1 sl i p p e r y sl o p e s significant difference. U.S. Senator Everett Dirksen put the point memorably when he said, “A bi ...
2 8 2 cHaP Te r 1 3 ■ F a l l a c i e s o f V a g u e n e s s Fairness Slippery-Slope Arguments When borderline cases form a con ...
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