The Language of Argument
3 2 3 16 Fallacies of Vacuity Arguments are vacuous when they don’t go anywhere. This happens in two main ways. Sometimes an arg ...
3 2 4 C H A P T E R 1 6 ■ F a l l a c i e s o f V a c u i t y Unfortunately, people usually do not make it so easy to tell when ...
3 2 5 B e g g i n g t h e Q u e s t i o n without torture, so they can’t,” we could avoid circularity by adding a few words to g ...
3 2 6 C H A P T E R 1 6 ■ F a l l a c i e s o f V a c u i t y Here the first premise is true by definition, since calling someth ...
3 2 7 B e g g i n g t h e Q u e s t i o n they can come up with an independent reason, then they did not beg the question, and y ...
3 2 8 C H A P T E R 1 6 ■ F a l l a c i e s o f V a c u i t y Explanations are often presented in the form of arguments that so ...
3 2 9 se l f -se a l e r s the prediction is going to be true, and this is just what is wrong with it. The prediction is empty o ...
3 3 0 C H A P T E R 1 6 ■ F a l l a c i e s o f V a c u i t y going to the trouble of saying what they are. The anti-Semite can ...
3 3 1 se l f -se a l e r s or boring. If, to meet this charge, he or she says something quite specific and important, then argum ...
3 3 2 C H A P T E R 1 6 ■ F a l l a c i e s o f V a c u i t y noTEs (^1) John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic (London, 1843), boo ...
3 3 3 17 Refutation Chapter 1 showed how arguments can be used for justification and for explanation, but arguments can also be ...
3 3 4 C H A P T E R 1 7 ■ R e f u t a t i o n Counterexamples The first main way to attack an argument is to challenge one of it ...
3 3 5 C o u n t e r e x a m p l e s of a certain kind have a certain feature, (1) one can deny that the appar- ent counterexampl ...
3 3 6 C H A P T E R 1 7 ■ R e f u t a t i o n Find a counterexample to each of the following claims, if possible. Example: Claim ...
3 3 7 Reductio Ad Absurdum REDUCTIO AD AbSURDUm Particular counterexamples can normally be used to refute claims only if those c ...
3 3 8 C H A P T E R 1 7 ■ R e f u t a t i o n be given to those who commit some lesser offense. The first speaker could respond ...
3 3 9 R e d u c t i o a d A b s u r d u m A reductio ad absurdum is deep only if it reveals that a claim implies an ab- surd res ...
3 4 0 C H A P T E R 1 7 ■ R e f u t a t i o n Spell out a reductio ad absurdum argument to refute each of the following claims. ...
3 4 1 Straw Men and False Dichotomies STRAW mEN AND FAlSE DICHOTOmIES Very often when trying to refute either by counterexample ...
3 4 2 C H A P T E R 1 7 ■ R e f u t a t i o n the government collect our telephone records, but it is better than having them co ...
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