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During aerobic exercise, levels of adrenaline increase, raising heart rate and mobilizing fuel for energy. However, regular aero ...

An overview of fat and carbohydrate regulation As at rest, the primary fuels during aerobic exercise are carbohydrate (muscle gl ...

Figure 1: Pathway of glucose/glycogen breakdown glycolytic enzymes (Aerobic) Glucose/Glycogen ATP + Pyruvate Krebs cycle, liver, ...

untrained individuals, LT may occur at exercise intensities as low as 50% of maximum heart rate but this can be raised to 85-90% ...

Metabolism of free fatty acids (FFA) and intramuscular triglyceride (TG) The body has two major stores of fats which can be used ...

that is burned. Compared to aerobic glycolysis (which produces 36-39 ATP per molecule of glucose), fats provide far more energy. ...

high levels, FFA release from the adipose cell is inhibited by lactic acid and the decrease in fat oxidation (and subsequent inc ...

for perhaps 5% of the total energy yield in men and less in women (see section on gender differences below). With glycogen deple ...

Gender Differences in fuel metabolism There are differences between men and women in terms of the physiological response to aero ...

catabolic hormones, such as the catecholamines, cortisol and growth hormone, go up. The major hormones which are affected by aer ...

Summary The overall hormonal response to aerobic exercise is geared towards fuel mobilization and the maintenance of blood gluco ...

Section 5: Effects of short-term carbohydrate depletion on endurance exercise As early as 1967, it was established that overall ...

Figure 4: Schematic of study design for short-term glycogen depletion studies Day 1 2 5 5-8 8 Baseline Deplete glycogen Repeat e ...

Summary With short-term glycogen depletion, there is a progressive decrease in glycogen breakdown during exercise accompanied by ...

Despite increases in the muscle’s ability to utilize fat for fuel, exhaustion during exercise is still related to a depletion of ...

Additionally, even with the adaptations to a high fat diet, it appears that submaximal exercise endurance is still ultimately li ...

Hawley JA and Hopkins WG. Aerobic glycolytic and aerobic lipolytic power systems: A new paradigm with implications for enduranc ...

athletes. J Appl Physiol (1993) 75: 2134-2141. Ruby BC and Robergs R. Gender differences in substrate utilisation during exerci ...

Heigenhauser GJF et. al. Effect of glycogen depletion on the ventilatory response to exercise. J Appl Physiol (1983) 54: 470-47 ...

Chapter 19: Physiology of interval training Interval training refers generally to any activity which alternates periods of high ...