Organic Chemistry

40 CHAPTER 1 Electronic Structure and Bonding • Acids and Bases According to the Brønsted–Lowry definitions, any species that ha ...

Section 1.17 Organic Acids and Bases; pKaand pH 41 Whether a reversible reaction favors reactants or products at equilibrium is ...

42 CHAPTER 1 Electronic Structure and Bonding • Acids and Bases Do not confuse pH and The pH scale is used to describe the acidi ...

Section 1.17 Organic Acids and Bases; pKaand pH 43 A protonatedcompound is a compound that has gained an additional proton. A pr ...

44 CHAPTER 1 Electronic Structure and Bonding • Acids and Bases Protonated alcohols, protonated carboxylic acids, and protonated ...

Section 1.18 The Effect of Structure on pKa 45 The weaker the base, the stronger is its conjugate acid. Stable bases are weak ba ...

46 CHAPTER 1 Electronic Structure and Bonding • Acids and Bases Table 1.9 The pKaValues of Some Simple Acids HF HCl HBr HI pKa=- ...

Section 1.18 The Effect of Structure on pKa 47 Thus, as the halide ion increases in size, its stability increases because its ne ...

48 CHAPTER 1 Electronic Structure and Bonding • Acids and Bases The effect of a substituent on the acidity of a compound decreas ...

Section 1.19 An Introduction to Delocalized Electrons and Resonance 49 PROBLEM 36 For each of the following compounds, indicate ...

50 CHAPTER 1 Electronic Structure and Bonding • Acids and Bases 3-D Molecules: Acetate ion; Ethoxide ion There are two factors t ...

Section 1.20 The Effect of pH on the Structure of an Organic Compound 51 A compound will exist primarily in its acidic form if t ...

ether water 52 CHAPTER 1 Electronic Structure and Bonding • Acids and Bases 1% 50% 90% 99% 3.2 4.2 5.2 pH = pKa − 2 pH = pKa − 1 ...

The Henderson–Hasselbalch equation is also useful when one is working with buffer solutions. A buffer solutionis a solution that ...

54 CHAPTER 1 Electronic Structure and Bonding • Acids and Bases Lewis base: Have pair, will share. Lewis acid: Need two from you ...

Summary 55 Summary Organic compoundsare compounds that contain carbon. The atomic numberof an atom equals the number of pro- ton ...

56 CHAPTER 1 Electronic Structure and Bonding • Acids and Bases bondsin organic compounds are bonds, a double bond consists of o ...

Problems 57 sigma bonding molecular orbital (p. 21) single bond (p. 29) tetrahedral bond angle (p. 28) (s) tetrahedral carbon (p ...

58 CHAPTER 1 Electronic Structure and Bonding • Acids and Bases a. Which of the indicated bonds in each molecule is shorter? b. ...

Problems 59 1. or 2. or b. Which of the four reactions has the most favorable equilibrium constant? The following compound has ...