political science
A more obvious method than this, having electoral thresholds—such as Germany’s 5 percent threshold—places hurdles in front of sm ...
years—in Italy, New Zealand, and Japan—attracted a great deal of attention as special cases. Colomer ( 2004 ) presents an encycl ...
2 Uncertainty over the Preferences of Voters A decision to change electoral systems can involve decision-makers trying to pred ...
or at least more common systems, in part because their eVects much more contingent (Bowler 1996 ; Bowler, Donovan, and Brockingt ...
third kind of uncertainty—over the speciWcs of electoral system eVects—may well deter change but it may not be the only factor a ...
4 Reasons for Change ........................................................................................................... ...
choice of electoral system is not simply a choice over who wins and who loses but is also a choice between diVerent—and possibly ...
electoral change is found in Boix ( 1999 ) who sees electoral change by ruling parties being introduced in part to fend oVworse ...
question of proportionality and ‘‘fairness’’ of a system. These are the main building blocks of an electoral system. But elector ...
6 Conclusion: Summary and Future Directions .................................................................................... ...
For some this means that mixed systems—systems that combine elements of both plurality and proportionality—are the answer (Shuga ...
Boston, J., Levine, S., McLeay, E., and Roberts, N. (eds.) 1997 .From Campaign to Coalition: The 1996 MMP Election. Wellington: ...
Powell, G. B., Jr. 2000 .Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Propor- tional Visions. New Haven, Conn.: Yale ...
chapter 30 ..................................................................................................................... ...
From this point of view, there is also a scholarly consensus that direct voting by all citizensonindividualpoliciesisthemostdire ...
Many issues are not discussed at general elections so, if the people are to decide, they need to vote on them directly Even p ...
The similarities between all modern forms of democracy are further reinforced by the presence of parties in all of them. Direct ...
compromise and stability and overstrains the capacity of citizens to make good decisions by eVectively placing them in a vacuum. ...
democracy to function without a constitution (written or unwritten), presiding oYcers, rules of procedure, and debate. No more s ...
often cited as a country where parties weakened considerably in the last third of the twentieth century (e.g. Wattenburg 1990 ). ...
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