Encyclopedia of Chemistry

She was a founding member of Pugwash in 1957, the international organization of scientists who, during the Cold War, tried to fu ...

homoleptic Transition-metal or main group com- pounds having only one type of LIGANDare said to be homoleptic, e.g., TaMe 5. See ...

Systems containing 4n π-electrons (such as cyclobutadiene and the cyclopentadienyl cation) are antiaromatic. See alsoMÖBIUS AROM ...

LAR. With a few exceptions, usually involving fluorine, the associated energies are less than 20–25 kJ mol–1 (5–6 kcal mol–1). A ...

hydrophobic interaction The tendency of hydrocar- bons (or of lipophilic hydrocarbonlike groups in solutes) to form intermolecul ...

hypoosmotic solution A solution whose osmotic pressure is less than that of another solution. hypothesis The formal declaration ...

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ideal gas A hypothetical gas that appears to obey perfectly the ideal gas law as the pressure nears zero; a gas characterized by ...

imidonium ion SeeNITRENIUM ION. imin SeeNITRENE. imine radical SeeNITRENE. immiscibility When two or more substances or liquids ...

determining the pH of a solution (indicator paper, mixed indicators) and in analytical chemistry in finding the end point of an ...

RADICALs as intermediates by virtue of their ability to act as SCAVENGERs toward these radicals. If the rate of a reaction in th ...

integrated rate laws Integrated rate laws are used to relate concentrations and time. The rate law provides an equation that rel ...

intramolecular (1) Descriptive of any process that involves a transfer (of atoms, GROUPS, electrons, etc.) or interactions betwe ...

ion channel Enables ions to flow rapidly through membranes in a thermodynamically downhill direction after an electrical or chem ...

See also DIMROTH-REICHARDT ET PARAMETER; GRUNWALD-WINSTEIN EQUATION; Z-VALUE. ionizing radiation Radiation capable of producing ...

ion-selective electrode An electrode, the potential of which depends on the concentration of a specific ion with which it is in ...

Such processes have advantages for theoretical treat- ment. The HAMMETT EQUATIONas applied to equilib- ria essentially deals wit ...

GEOMETRICAL ISOMERS, OPTICAL ISOMERS, ENAN- TIOMERS, and DIASTEREOMERS. isomorphous Refers to crystals having the same atomic ar ...

isotonic solutions Solutions having identical osmotic pressures, i.e., solutions where cells do not swell or shrink. isotope Dif ...

to which bonds are neither made nor broken in the RATE-CONTROLLING STEPor in a PRE-EQUILIBRIUMstep of a specified reaction, and ...