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that more than 800,000 species of parasitoids exist worldwide (LaSalle and Gauld, 1991; Godfray, 1994; Quicke, 1997; Whitfield, ...
instars of scelionid egg parasitoids and the mandibulate first instars produced by larval endoparasitoids in the family Braconid ...
Correspondingly, ectoparasitoid larvae usually lack specialized adapta- tions for attaching to hosts or fighting. In contrast, e ...
The Impact of Host Quality on Fitness Host quality influences three main components of parasitoid fitness: survival to the adult ...
Some conditions can diminish the importance of size for fitness. Among the most important of these are high predation risks, whi ...
immune system does not recognize specific entities, but it is able to recognize classes of foreign objects, using pattern-recogn ...
stage, while examples of the latter include ectoparasitoids. The feeding activity of ectoparasitoid larvae probably stimulates t ...
haemocytes, which include cytoskeletal rearrangements, inhibition of adhesion, alterations in the number of circulating haemocyt ...
alter haemocyte function. Viral transcripts are expressed in some host– parasite systems at near steady-state levels beginning a ...
whereas a low JH titre during ecdysteroid release results in develop- mental reprogramming and metamorphosis. As discussed in th ...
and female egg-laying behaviour after being parasitized (Adamoet al., 1995). However, it is unclear whether these changes are in ...
Defensive behaviour against hyperparasitoids Hyperparasitoids occur in 21 families of Hymenoptera and parasitize a wide range of ...
eliminate competitors by either combat or physiological suppression (Salt, 1968; Fisher, 1971; Vinson and Iwantsch, 1980). As di ...
reproductive larvae consume the host, pupate and emerge as adult wasps, which seek mates (males) or new hosts (females) (Fig. 7. ...
larvae, which never moult and always die when the reproductive larvae finish consuming the host. Precocious larvae are also morp ...
A second, more complex function is that precocious larvae in some species also kill male siblings, which significantly distorts ...
parasitoids cannot be separated from that of adult parasitoids or the hosts they attack. In most instances, the adult parasitoid ...
Alleyne, M. and Beckage, N.E. (1997) Parasite density-dependent effects on host growth and metabolic efficiency in tobacco hornw ...
Carew, W.P. and Sullivan, D.J. (1993) Interspecific parasitism between two aphid hyperparasitoids,Dendrocerus carpenteri(Hymenop ...
Grbic’, M., Ode, P.J. and Strand, M.R. (1992) Sibling rivalry and brood sex ratios in polyembryonic wasps.Nature360, 254–256. Gr ...
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