Human Physiology, 14th edition (2016)

178 Chapter 7 region of membrane reaches a threshold level of depolar- ization, it too produces the action potential as its volt ...

The Nervous System 179 has the same amplitude as the action potential produced at the first region. Action potentials are thus s ...

180 Chapter 7 7.3 The Synapse Axons end close to, or in some cases in contact with, another cell. In specialized cases, action p ...

The Nervous System 181 of these composes half of the gap junction, called a hemichan- nel. When the hemichannels of two plasma m ...

182 Chapter 7 near their receptor proteins in the postsynaptic membrane. The physical association of the pre- and postsynaptic m ...

The Nervous System 183 and forms a complex with a larger protein molecule (the recep- tor). Binding of the neurotransmitter liga ...

184 Chapter 7 7.4 Acetylcholine as a Neurotransmitter When acetylcholine (ACh) binds to its receptor, it directly or indirectly ...

The Nervous System 185 Chemically Regulated Channels The binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptor protein can cause the ope ...

186 Chapter 7 G-Protein-Coupled Channels There is another group of chemically regulated ion channels that, like the ligand-gated ...

The Nervous System 187 activate a complex of proteins in the cell membrane known as G-proteins —so named because their activity ...

188 Chapter 7 produce hyperpolarization in some organs (if the K^1 chan- nels are opened) and depolarization in other organs (if ...

The Nervous System 189 There are five subtypes of muscarinic ACh receptors, dubbed M1 through M5, producing different effects in ...

190 Chapter 7 with which action potentials will be produced at the axon ini- tial segment and at each point in the axon where th ...

The Nervous System 191 as shown in chapter 9, figure 9.8. Dopamine is a neurotransmit- ter; norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter ...

192 Chapter 7 Serotonin as a Neurotransmitter Serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is used as a neuro- transmitter by neuro ...

The Nervous System 193 human twins separated at birth and reared in different envi- ronments, and other studies involving the us ...

194 Chapter 7 7.6 Other Neurotransmitters A surprisingly large number of diverse molecules appear to function as neurotransmitte ...

The Nervous System 195 Glycine is a neurotransmitter in the spinal cord, brain stem, and retina, whereas GABA is more widespread ...

196 Chapter 7 suggested that the effects of these drugs might be due to the stimulation of specific neuron pathways. This implie ...

The Nervous System 197 Subsequent evidence suggested that the analgesic effects of hypnosis and acupuncture could also be blocke ...