Human Physiology, 14th edition (2016)

238 Chapter 8 Figure 8.28 Activation of somatic motor neurons. Somatic motor neurons may be stimulated by spinal association neu ...

The Central Nervous System 239 Kevin’s accident caused brain damage. His partially par- alyzed right arm suggests involvement of ...

240 Chapter 8 Test Your Knowledge Which of these statements about the precentral gyrus is true? a. It is involved in motor con ...

The Central Nervous System 241 The reticular activating system a. is composed of neurons that are part of the reticular format ...

242 Chapter 8 Recent studies suggest that medial temporal lobe activity is needed for memory retrieval. What is the difference ...

243 CHAPTER CHAPTER OUTLINE 9.1 Neural Control of Involuntary Effectors 244 Autonomic Neurons 244 Visceral Effector Organs 245 9 ...

244 9.1 NEURAL CONTROL OF INVOLUNTARY EFFECTORS The autonomic nervous system helps regulate the activi- ties of cardiac muscle, ...

The Autonomic Nervous System 245 Feature Somatic Motor Autonomic Motor Effector organs Skeletal muscles Cardiac muscle, smooth m ...

246 Chapter 9 Sympathetic Division The sympathetic division is also called the thoracolumbar division of the autonomic system be ...

The Autonomic Nervous System 247 and an inner medulla. These two parts are really two function- ally different glands with diffe ...

248 Chapter 9 skeletal muscles receive sympathetic but not parasympathetic innervation. Four of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves ( ...

The Autonomic Nervous System 249 Figure 9.5 The autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic division is shown in red; the parasymp ...

250 Chapter 9 “vagrant” or “wandering” nerves), which provide the major parasympathetic innervation in the body. These pregangli ...

The Autonomic Nervous System 251 The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the auto- nomic system affect the visceral org ...

252 Chapter 9 parasympathetic axons often innervate the same target cells, where they release different neurotransmitters that p ...

The Autonomic Nervous System 253 Because excitatory and inhibitory effects can be produced in different tissues by the same neur ...

254 Chapter 9 binds to the a 1 receptors is mediated by a different second- messenger system—a rise in the cytoplasmic concentra ...

The Autonomic Nervous System 255 CLINICAL APPLICATION Beta blockers are drugs that act as beta-adrenergic recep- tor antagonists ...

256 Chapter 9 to diffuse inward and K^1 to diffuse outward. However, the Na^1 gradient is steeper than the K^1 gradient, and so ...

The Autonomic Nervous System 257 Figure 9.11 Comparison of nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Nicotinic receptors ...