Human Physiology, 14th edition (2016)

718 Chapter 20 Figure 20.18 A human spermatozoon. ( a ) A diagrammatic representation and ( b ) a scanning electron micrograph i ...

Reproduction 719 Erection, Emission, and Ejaculation Erection, accompanied by increases in the length and width of the penis, is ...

720 Chapter 20 that results causes the smooth muscles of the corpora cavernosa to relax and small blood vessels to dilate, so th ...

Reproduction 721 Erection is controlled by two portions of the central ner- vous system—the hypothalamus in the brain and the sa ...

722 Chapter 20 present sites for inflammatory reactions in which spermatozoa are phagocytosed and destroyed by the immune system ...

Reproduction 723 released from the ovary. The empty follicle then becomes a corpus luteum, which ultimately degenerates at the e ...

724 Chapter 20 organs of the female ( fig.  20.24 ). Like the accessory sex organs of the male, the female reproductive tract is ...

Reproduction 725 disappears. This unequal division of cytoplasm ensures that the ovum will be large enough to become a viable em ...

726 Chapter 20 blister—and extrude its oocyte into the uterine tube in the pro- cess of ovulation ( fig. 20.29 ). The released c ...

Reproduction 727 leaving another polar body which, like the first, degenerates ( fig. 20.30 ). Changes continue in the ovary fol ...

728 Chapter 20 shedding of the endometrium is accompanied by bleeding. There is no bleeding when most other mammals shed their e ...

Reproduction 729 the day of ovulation. After ovulation, the ovaries are in the luteal phase until the first day of menstruation. ...

730 Chapter 20 developing follicles secrete only estradiol, the corpus luteum secretes both estradiol and progesterone. Progeste ...

Reproduction 731 (proliferation) of the stratum functionale of the endometrium. In humans and other primates, coiled blood vesse ...

732 Chapter 20 epithelium (the upper cells die and become filled with keratin). High levels of estradiol also cause the producti ...

Reproduction 733 of progesterone). The newer contraceptive pills are very effective and have a number of beneficial side effects ...

734 Chapter 20 20.6 FERTILIZATION, PREGNANCY, AND PARTURITION Once fertilization has occurred, the secondary oocyte com- pletes ...

Reproduction 735 be released by exocytosis. These enzymes, including a protein- digesting enzyme and hyaluronidase (which digest ...

736 Chapter 20 the oocyte, creating a Ca 2 1 wave. The egg cell is so large (about 0.1 mm in diameter) that this Ca^2 1 wave tak ...

Reproduction 737 Figure 20.40 In vitro fertilization. A needle is used to inject a single spermatozoon into a human oocyte in vi ...