Human Physiology, 14th edition (2016)

658 Chapter 18 2. The exocrine acini of the pancreas produce pancreatic juice, which contains various digestive enzymes and bica ...

The Digestive System 659 During the gastric phase, the secretion of HCl and pepsinogen is stimulated by a. vagus nerve stimulat ...

660 Chapter 18 Identify the different neurons present in the wall of the intestine and explain how these neurons are involved i ...

661 Refresh Your Memory Before you begin this chapter, you may want to review these concepts from previous chapters: ■ Glycogene ...

662 19.1 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS The body’s energy requirements must be met by the caloric value of food to prevent catabolism ...

Regulation of Metabolism 663 with hyperthyroidism has an abnormally high BMR, and a per- son with hypothyroidism has a low BMR. ...

664 Chapter 19 When the caloric intake is greater than the energy expen- ditures (a positive energy balance ), excess calories a ...

Regulation of Metabolism 665 termed anabolism —that occur constantly within the cells of the body. Anabolic reactions include th ...

666 Chapter 19 (B 2 ), niacin (B 3 ), pyridoxine (B 6 ), pantothenic acid, biotin, folic acid, vitamin B 12 , and vitamin C (asc ...

Regulation of Metabolism 667 acid). This is similar to the way the thyroid hormone receptor (for triiodothyronine) must dimerize ...

668 Chapter 19 Clinical Investigation CLUES Marty took a topical psoriasis medicine that contained a vitamin D derivative, and t ...

Regulation of Metabolism 669 19.2 REGULATION OF ENERGY METABOLISM The plasma contains circulating glucose, fatty acids, amino ac ...

670 Chapter 19 Figure 19.2 A flowchart of energy pathways in the body. The molecules indicated in the top and bottom are those f ...

Regulation of Metabolism 671 The hypothalamus—a target of leptin action regulating appetite—is also involved in regulation of th ...

672 Chapter 19 CLINICAL APPLICATION Metabolic syndrome refers to a constellation of symptoms often associated with obesity. Obes ...

Regulation of Metabolism 673 Ghrelin, Cholecystokinin, and PYY Signals from the stomach and small intestine regulate hunger and ...

674 Chapter 19 In summary, leptin and insulin provide long-term regula- tion of hunger and body weight, whereas several hormones ...

Regulation of Metabolism 675 but gain the characteristics of brown adipocytes upon cold expo- sure, scientists have called these ...

676 Chapter 19 thyroxine, and other hormones ( fig.  19.6 ). For example, dur- ing prolonged fasting there is increased glucagon ...

Regulation of Metabolism 677 19.3 ENERGY REGULATION BY THE PANCREATIC ISLETS Insulin secretion is stimulated by a rise in the pl ...