Migration from the Middle East and North Africa to Europe Past Developments, Current Status, and Future Potentials (Amsterdam..

euro-Mediterranean Migration futures 39 a long history of emigration, immigration and forced migration. The gradual contraction ...

40 Hein de Haas through migrant networks by companies was far more important numeri- cally. Administrative obstacles, long waiti ...

euro-Mediterranean Migration futures 41 meant a reorientation away from the Soviet Union and towards the United States, and a mo ...

42 Hein de Haas and political instability in Morocco and Turkey (Avcı & Kirişci 2006; de Haas 2007a; Entzinger 1985). Moreov ...

euro-Mediterranean Migration futures 43 Despite a certain slowdown, migration from Egypt and other MENA countries to the Gulf an ...

44 Hein de Haas beyond France. Over the 1990s and early 2000s, a new, large-scale movement of Moroccan migration has occurred to ...

euro-Mediterranean Migration futures 45 migration, increasing border controls in Southern Spain and Italy caused a diversif icat ...

46 Hein de Haas coast, was stimulated by reduced policing during the revolution, but was part of a long-standing tradition of ir ...

euro-Mediterranean Migration futures 47 many Sudanese workers have migrated to Egypt. The current refugee and immigrant populati ...

48 Hein de Haas more general political-economic processes. If migration policies do not match economic realities, the usual resu ...

euro-Mediterranean Migration futures 49 1.4 Recent migration trends 1.4.1 Migrant population data Figure 1.2 reveals that Morocc ...

50 Hein de Haas live in Europe, this is the case for only 0.6 per cent of all Egyptian citizens. In comparison with other North ...

euro-Mediterranean Migration futures 51 has evolved into the second country of residence and the main country of des- tination f ...

52 Hein de Haas Table 1.4 Egyptian citizens residing abroad (2000) ‘Temporary’ migration ‘Permanent’ migration Bahrain 4,000 aus ...

euro-Mediterranean Migration futures 53 policies of the Arab oil countries. Currently, at least 8.7 million nationals of these t ...

54 Hein de Haas the registration of irregular migrants by origin countries’ governments or after migrant regularisations. We onl ...

euro-Mediterranean Migration futures 55 become the fourth principal non-OECD source country for students, after China (close to ...

56 Hein de Haas and Moroccan immigration shows a high degree of correlation, suggesting that the two nationalities react to simi ...

euro-Mediterranean Migration futures 57 important destination country in Europe after Germany, with its Turkish expatriate commu ...

58 Hein de Haas for immigrant labour in agriculture, construction and the informal service sector. Spain is now a more important ...