Surgeons as Educators A Guide for Academic Development and Teaching Excellence

383 discussions of normative and applied ethics because of their focus on the narrative aspects of clinical practice. Case-based ...

384 References American College of Surgeons. ACS cosponsors fellowships in ethics and leadership. Bull Am Coll Surg. 2016;101(3 ...

385 Howard F, McKneally MF, Levin AV. Integrating bioethics into postgraduate medical educa- tion: the University of Toronto Mo ...

© Springer International Publishing AG 2018 387 T.S. Köhler, B. Schwartz (eds.), Surgeons as Educators, https://doi.org/10.1007/ ...

388 system, and the profession that applies theory, principles, data, and methods to design in order to optimize human well-bein ...

389 Table 22.2 Prevalence and location of musculoskeletal discomfort and common injuries by sur- gical specialty Surgical specia ...

390 Despite the wide prevalence of surgeon discomfort and injury illustrated by numerous anonymous surveys, few surgeons report ...

391 reported the pain to their institution [ 49 ]. With these percentages in mind, the high rate of injuries reported by the US ...

392 Surgeon burnout is another potential ramification of workplace injury. Overall surgeon burnout is reported to be around 40% ...

393 back twisted and laterally flexed (Fig. 22.2) [ 66 ]. The asymmetric loading of the spine that occurs in these postures lead ...

394 Robotic-Assisted Surgery Robotic-assisted surgery is widely considered to be more ergonomic than laparo- scopic; however, ch ...

395 In addition, assisting during laparoscopic surgery, a common resident role, comes with unique disadvantages. Specifically, a ...

396 musculoskeletal strain. Even proper body alignment, if static and held with tension, may decrease circulation and lead to mu ...

397 reason, surgeons should frequently clutch so that the forearms are supported in a neutral position. Postural Resets It is di ...

398 Proper monitor height is guided by the gaze-down technique, which is placing the center of the screen approximately 10–20° b ...

399 cervical muscle activity indicating muscle ease [ 103 – 105 ]. The gaze-down technique not only improves neck and eye discom ...

400 loss of detail. A simple approximation for proper monitor distance is 3 feet from the surgeon with minor adjustments made ba ...

401 developing musculoskeletal pain by 83% [ 128 ]. For manual work, a working height about 5  cm below the elbow is recommended ...

402 laparoscopic surgery than for open surgery. Ideal table height during laparoscopy allows for the elbows to be flexed at an a ...

403 Ergonomic Challenges and Benefits of Visualization Adjuncts Various forms of retraction are used during surgery to assist wi ...