Surgeons as Educators A Guide for Academic Development and Teaching Excellence

465 Bladder/Urethra Cystourethroscopy Cystourethroscopy, occurring both in the operating room and in the office, repre- sents on ...

466 cannot be used repeatedly, and can be difficult to obtain in various parts of the world. Transurethral Resection of Bladder ...

467 the detrusor muscle, usually via 20–30, 1 cc injections [ 106 ]. There is currently only one VR trainer in the literature, w ...

468 TURP simulators can be broadly divided into high-fidelity virtual reality models versus non-virtual reality physical models— ...

469 The PelvicVision TURP simulator is another VR TURP simulator that has shown construct validity in two small studies. This mo ...

470 the technique [ 125 ]. Consequently, a bench-top model has been created to address this steep learning curve. Developed by K ...

471 recent technology of targeted therapies for prostate cancer and the necessity for more accurate sampling of the prostate to ...

472 competence. Operating room time, total fluoroscopy time, stone-free rates, compli- cation rates, instrument damage, and cost ...

473 simulation options over the last decade. Currently available URS simulators are broadly categorized into virtual reality, be ...

474 horizontal cross sections from animation modeling software to transform those vir- tual cross sections into a physical model ...

475 instructors felt the URO Mentor displayed a high degree of realism, but their study was flawed in that they never disclosed ...

476 likely does not predict performance improvement for those with more experience [ 150 ]. Knoll et al. studied 20 urologists o ...

477 Four bench models of PCNL are currently described in the literature—three of them utilize ex vivo porcine renoureteral units ...

478 A unique ex vivo porcine model was created by Zhang et al. in 2008 by wrapping a porcine kidney in a full-thickness skin fla ...

479 experts and novices, with experts taking less total time (183.11 vs 278.00  s, p < 0.001), shorter fluoroscopy time (109. ...

480 validity was demonstrated because the simulator was developed with the input of a number of experts in the field, who helped ...

481 open, endoscopic, laparoscopic, and robotic procedures. Future advancements will aim toward increasing realism and applicabi ...

482 Munz Y, Kumar BD, Moorthy K, Bann S, Darzi A. Laparoscopic virtual reality and box train- ers: is one superior to the other ...

483 Fernandez A, Chen E, Moore J, et al. A phantom model as a teaching modality for laparo- scopic partial nephrectomy. J Endou ...

484 Zihni AM, Ohu I, Cavallo JA, Ousley J, Cho S, Awad MM.  FLS tasks can be used as an ergonomic discriminator between laparos ...