FoundationalConceptsNeuroscience

exposures to this stimulus. Priming is central to the effectiveness of advertising. Repeatedly seeing or hearing references to c ...

Hebbian network. We now know these neuroplastic processes are taking place all the time in the brain. Several scenarios for the ...

Figure 19.3. Sea hare, Aplysia californica. ...

Sensory signal (^) Serotonin (^) from siphon neurotransmitter Sensory signal from tail Glutamate VINA: neurotransmitter Motor si ...

The cellular and molecular details of the synaptic connections are shown in Figure 19.4. The sensory signal registering the aver ...

tent elevation of glutamate neurotransmitter release onto the motor neuron controlling gill withdrawal. And other genes transcri ...

erties of human memory. Perhaps this will be so—and perhaps there will be unanticipated surprises ahead. Three point one four on ...

CHAPTER 20 Rhythms, Sleep, and Dreams Many (perhaps most) animals have daily periods of inactivity and reduced alertness. For us ...

The regular cycle of sleep and wakefulness in our lives is an example a biological rhythm, one of many periodic behaviors exhibi ...

room in which the light is always on or always off, flowers often still undergo a diurnal opening and closing. This is the true ...

in a southerly direction, even though they are inside cages and don’t get very far. Five months later they again exhibit restles ...

Now suppose you either leave the lights on all the time in the rat’s cage or turn off the lights and leave them off all the time ...

the natural day-night cycle. The primary synchronization cue is the daily cycle of day and night, sunrise and sunset, light and ...

research have revealed that the PER gene is transcribed and translated into protein, after which the protein enters the cell nuc ...

tract connecting these ganglion cells with the SCN is called the reti- nal-hypothalamic pathway, which communicates information ...

In humans and some other mammals, NREM sleep can be divided into several stages that differ by the kind of EEG activity, labeled ...

Awake 4 REM + i Sleep stage > © (^) + 4 4 4 + 4 + 4 Hours of sleep Figure 20.1. Progression during a night’s sleep through th ...

a state of neural activity more akin to wakefulness than to other stages of sleep. In addition, these REM-active neurons send si ...

drugs that have an activating effect on acetylcholine circuitry may increase the vividness of dreams. Nicotine is such a drug. P ...

awareness that what is happening is a dream. Lucid dreaming has long been known within traditions and cultures that place value ...