FoundationalConceptsNeuroscience

and emotional turmoil are commonly related to insomnia. Alcohol, although a sedative-hypnotic, may lead to awakening and insomni ...

brainstem. New medications that are antagonists at orexin receptors are currently entering the pharmaceutical marketplace as tre ...

to require for optimal daytime functioning. Even so, many sleep researchers contend that inadequate sleep is widespread in the c ...

rectable by simply getting a good night’s sleep. Are there other longer- term effects of not getting enough sleep, perhaps thing ...

strengthening the synaptic connections in these networks, thereby solidifying the associated memory. Thus, adequate sleep both b ...

CHAPTER 2 1 Emotion In the film 2001: A Space Odyssey, astronaut Dave Bowman, with some difficulty, is able to regain entry to t ...

Astronaut Bowman is unmoved by HAL’s pleas and remains focused on shutting the computer down. He proceeds to turn off or disenga ...

Emotions prepare us for and move us to action out into the world, in immediate and powerful ways. There is a strong association ...

ing a continuous background of feeling to our experience. Emotions (and moods) are often characterized as being either positive ...

Figure 21.1. Drawing of a chimpanzee that is “disappointed and sulky” after an orange was offered to him and then taken away. Fr ...

including emotional feelings, but may not be essential for awareness. Researching this question is notoriously difficult, if not ...

there are cultural factors, as well. For example, other work by Ekman demonstrated culture-specific “display rules” that “specif ...

itary gland). Hormone, from Greek hormon = to set in motion, stir up. In physiol- ogy, hormones refer to chemicals released by e ...

Figure 21.2. Muscles of the human face, from Darwin’s 1872 book. “C” indi- cates the orbicularis oculi, and “G” is the zygomatic ...

signals from the brain to body organs (efferent fibers), and some carrying signals from the interior of the body to the brain (a ...

cortisol, a steroid hormone that increases the availability of glucose to cells, as well as having numerous other complex effect ...

Vasopressin, from Latin vaso = vessel, and pressare = to act on, to push on. OH Tyr oO H O aN N Cys H . HN S | Tle S Oo HN Oo H ...

these neuropeptides into extracellular space within the hypothala- mus and into the cerebrospinal fluid, from which they may dif ...

Nucleus Amygdala accumbens Brainstem Hypothalamus Hippocampus Figure 21.4. Medial view of brain showing locations of the hypotha ...

euphorigenic drugs (besides chocolate), and even orgasm. In addition, dysfunctional compulsive behaviors—addictions of various k ...