The \'German Spirit\' in the Ottoman and Turkish Army, 1908-1938. A History of Military Knowledge Transfer - Gerhard Grüßhaber

ofpro-Germanandanti-CHParticles.⁶⁶Inthisregard,Karabekir’swarningabout apotentialrepetitionofthemistakesfrom 191 4wasentirelyapp ...

viewscontributedtothelatepublicationofthevolumesinthesecondhalfofthe 1920 swhenprivatepublishinghouseshadalreadyreleaseddozensof ...

themilitarymission,Germanyhadmademajormistakes:“Therebyastatewithin thestateoftheTurkishmilitaryaffairswascreated.UponTurkeyanew ...

tinguishedposition,theheadofthemilitarymissionshouldonlyhavehadadis- tinguishedseniorpositionvisavistheotherGermanofficersinthem ...

hisenemy,LimanvonSanders,werenotacceptedbytheeditorialboardand wereleftunused.⁸³ Leavingoutcriticalcommentsfromthevolumewasonech ...

inTurkishpublicdebate.⁸⁹TheReichsarchiv’ssecond‘Ottoman’volumedealing withthecampaigninPalestinedidnotattractasmuchattentionanda ...

TheTurkishmilitarypressalsoneglectedthebattleinthebeginning.⁹⁴In oneofthefirstanalyses,artillerycaptainHakkıstatedthattheTurkish ...

fense.¹⁰⁰Fordefensivemeasuresagainstinvasionsbythesea,theTurkisharmy evendevelopedpictorialinstructionmaterialstoteachthemodernw ...

Thearmydecidedtofocusonmobileandflexibleartillerybatteries.The standardworkonthisissuereferredtoHansWehrle’s‘flyingbatteries’dur ...

However,atthispointoftimetheGermannavyhadalreadydrawnconclusions ofitsown. FromGallipolitoOverlord:FailedApplicationinOccupied F ...

piecemealbuildingprogramespeciallyattheFrenchAtlanticcoast.Therehad beencontinuousargumentsbetweenthearmy,navyandtheparamilitary ...

TheGermanHighCommandwasawarethat,aftertheexperienceinGallipoli,a quickvictorywithinthefirstdaysoftheinvasionwasessential:“Thegui ...

todefendfastmovingenemywatercraft.¹¹⁷Moreover,thequalityoftheGermans troopshaddeteriorateddramaticallyby1 944 .TheGermanbunkertr ...

tentecouldnotenjoybackin 1915 .¹²¹Itisalsointerestingtonotethatmostofthe ordnancesystemsandsmallarms(regardingthebolt-actionrifl ...

quicklymovingseatargets,especiallyinthecaseofalanding,directaimingatthetargets shouldbefeasible.”¹²⁵ AnotherformerKriegsmarinead ...

Germanarmedforcesthatledtothedefeatin 1944 .Theprerequisiteswereentire- lydifferentandthetechnologyhadevolvedduringthe 29 yearss ...

ThetimeintheGrenzschutzOstwasnottheonly‘schoolofviolence’for HansTröbst,yetthisunitwasalreadyseenasa“wildbandofsoldiers[...]like ...

todistributeanti-semiticleafletstohissoldiers.¹⁴⁰Atthispointitisnoexagger- ationtosaythatTröbsthadacquiredhisviolentsentimentsbe ...

Tröbst alsoremarkedtheTurks abidingbytheengineeringregulation, whereastheGermanofficerwasusedtoapplyingthe‘spirit’ ofthewritten ...

BavarianReadingsoftheTurkishNationalists,1 923 MeanwhiletherewerenolongeranyjobopportunitiesasamercenaryinGerma- ny.Asnoteventhe ...