The \'German Spirit\' in the Ottoman and Turkish Army, 1908-1938. A History of Military Knowledge Transfer - Gerhard Grüßhaber

thescopeofmanystudiesrelatingtomilitarytopicsofthisera.⁶⁴Whilethe ATASEfileshavebeenlesscomprehensivethanexpected,theOttomanandR ...

(onallfronts)thathadbeenquestionedbythevictorypowers.Inhisaccountof theGerman-Ottomanalliance,CarlMühlmannconcentratedmainlyonst ...

alliance,primarilyfromtheGermanperspective,werenotrestrictedtostudies writteninGerman.Therestrictionsofaccesstosourceshousedatth ...

andsuddenleaveofHeinrichvonHoff.⁷⁹InhisdissertationontheOttomanmo- bilization,MehmetBeşikçialsoanalyzedtheOttomanyouthorganizati ...

exchangebetweenbothcountriesafter 1923 .Inhisthesis,Naumannshowedthe continuityintheGermanmilitaryassistanceininstructionandinth ...

TheYoungTurkPeriod, 1908 – 1938 ThedecadesbetweentheYoungTurkrevolutionandthedeathofstatefounder MustafaKemalAtatürkwereanageoft ...

TheOttomanvulnerabilityinthedefeatsagainstItalyandtheBalkanLeague between 1911 and 1913 hadhighlightedtheneedforadrasticmilitary ...

contributiontotheformationoftheTurkisharmedforceswasmuchmorelimited after1918.NationalSocialistrule,withitsexpansiveforeignpolic ...

Drawingontheaforementionedletters,diariesandmilitaryreports,thetransna- tional⁹⁵militarynetworksthatenteredamutualexchangewillbe ...

flictsinbothcountriesweretobebridged.InGermany,thosetensionswereof politicalnature,reachingnewdimensionswiththe‘stabinthebackleg ...

manshadnotmanagedtobreaktheVersaillesTreatywithmilitaryforce.Butto whatextentwastheTurkishofficercorpsstillundertheinfluenceofth ...

2The PeakofKnowledgeTransferinthe Second ConstitutionalPeriod(1908–1918) ChapterOutline IntheaftermathoftheYoungTurkrevolutionan ...

owntroops?DidtheGermanofficersundergoalearningprocessanddidtheGer- manarmyasawholedrawsomeconclusionsoutofitsexperience? Thereas ...

wasinasimilargeographicalpositionandhadalreadyoncefacedatwo-front warin 1877 /78.FortheOttomanofficercorps,thesimilaritiesofthei ...

andhostilityandregardedthemselvesasformingacastleguardtowatchovertheirmas- ter’sunrulysubjectsandseetoitthattheydidtheirduty.”⁸ ...

countrycanentertainmultipleconflictingoroverlappingstrategiccultures,with rivalinterpretationsofpastexperience.”¹¹ WithGermanaid ...

MediatoroftheʻGermanSpiritʼ: TheMilitaryAttachéWaltervonStrempel Afterthediscontinuationofregularmilitary-politicalreportsbyColm ...

propagatedtheGermanrolemodelinpersonalcontactswiththeOttomanstaff officers.StrempelsoonrealizedthatGermanyhadtofindakindofemotio ...

man corps’ paradehere. It wasso excellent that itwatered the people’s mouth.”²² Strempelstayedinhispositionuntillate 1913 ,whenh ...

mentlawbasedonthePrussian 181 4law²⁴andcontributedtothetopographical surveyofnewmapsofthecapitalanditssurroundings.Afterthedeath ...