The \'German Spirit\' in the Ottoman and Turkish Army, 1908-1938. A History of Military Knowledge Transfer - Gerhard Grüßhaber

lentTurkswouldburstintoatruecheerofjoy,fullofgreedyexpectationsfortheadmirable thingsthathewouldteachthem.Yeshewouldjolttheminto ...

militarysawitselfasaprimusinterparesamongtheCentralPowers.Thesenseof inferioritywascommonbetweenAustro-HungarianandOttomanoffice ...

withtheirOttomanallies,whichweremoreboundtotheirchainofcommand. However,thisalsohadclearlydisadvantages,sinceitoftencaused clash ...

mentoftheGermanImperialColonialOffice.TheOttomanarmywasinterested inthedeploymentofacapablespecializedforce,whichcouldsuppresslo ...

TillArmisticedouspart:TheEnd, 1918 InadditiontothedarkesthoursoftheGerman-Ottomanallianceinthelast phaseofthewar,thestrategicsit ...

1918.³³⁰ThoughatthattimetheOttomanforceshadbeenweakenedfurtherby EnverPasha’sdreamsofaconquestintheCaucasus,whichseemedtobepossi ...

Conclusions ThedecadeaftertheYoungTurkrevolutionwascharacterizedbyatremendous increaseofGermanassistancefortheOttomanarmy.Inorde ...

inthelastchapter.ThischapterwillexaminethequestionoftheTurkishapprais- alforthealliance.Lastbutnotleast,the“periodofprofoundtran ...

3German-Ottoman/TurkishCooperationin the MobilizationofYouth:TheCaseofHeinrich vonHoff (1916–17)andCarlDiem( 1933 ) Introduction ...

thefieldofparamilitaryyoutheducation.FranzCarlEndres,aformerBavarian staffofficerwhohadservedintheOttomanarmyfrom1 91 0to19 15 , ...

TheGermanstatehadgainedtheeducationalmonopolyoverallofitsunder- agedsubjectsthorughtheintroductionofcompulsoryschoolinginthecour ...

TheBeginningoftheBoyScoutMovement BasingonhisexperiencewiththemilitaryuseoflocalunderagedboysinSouth Africain 1899 ,theBritishGe ...

“TheideawasborninGermanSouthwestAfrica[...]tomaketheGermanyouthhealthyand strong,willingtomakesacrificesandreadytohelp[...][and] ...

derGoltz,theGermanfearofdefenselessnessinthefaceoftheEntenteforcesled toclaimsthatmilitaryserviceshouldlasttworatherthanthreeyea ...

tourism’inordertoattractthemaleyouthtoBJDmeetings.Inthemilitaryperi- odicalMilitär-Wochenblattananonymousregimentcommandermentio ...

thelocalJugendwehrbranchparticipatedinamusteringofthetroops.Theywere mostlypupilsfromsecondaryschools,amongthemalsovocationaland ...

itiesofColonelHeinrichvonHoff(18 78 – 194 1)areillustrativeinthisregard.Hoff servedintheministryofwarintheKingdomofWürttemberg.A ...

age,whenthesouloftheyouthisfermentingthemost,whenthissoulhasto fightoutthemoststruggleswithitselfandthesurroundingworld.”³⁹ Thea ...

191 4whenyoungSocialDemocratstriedtodisruptBJDmeetingsandharassed BJDmembersofthesameage.⁴³ TheWandervogelmovementalsodistrusted ...

TheOttomanYouthMovementbeforetheDeploymentofHoff, 1910 – 1916 AnincreasingnumberofWestEuropeantrendsfoundtheirwayintotheOtto- ma ...