The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the 13th and 14th Centuries

130 chapter three made use in 1320.306 in that year they obtained a similar privilege from the last ilkhan, abū sa‛īd, to trade ...

the disintegration of the empire 131 in the two mongol states on either side of the Black sea show, mutatis mutandis, a striking ...

132 chapter three number of trading vessels was also reduced to the symbolic number of two per year for the same period.312 cert ...

the disintegration of the empire 133 venetian fears were abundantly confirmed when they first ventured onto the persian spice ro ...

134 chapter three venetian merchants suffered such great losses both by sea and on land after 1320 that several times the senate ...

the disintegration of the empire 135 here, as everywhere, the sovereign’s foremost obligation for an effective partnership with ...

136 chapter three ghazan also made a name for himself with his initiatives to impose some order on the actual workings of commer ...

the disintegration of the empire 137 their first contribution was to moderate the taxes levied on their territories,337 while th ...

138 chapter three inability to organise a trade promotion policy which could both effectively protect individual merchants and e ...

the disintegration of the empire 139 Whatever the truth, the instinct for brigandage proved stronger than the interests of state ...

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chapter four the GoLDeN horDe aND the BLacK Sea there is very little to choose between the two Mongol states, that of the cuman ...

142 chapter four the arab chronicler Ibn al-athīr notes the earliest significant sequence of events, set in motion when the Mong ...

the golden horde and the black sea 143 cessation of ‘cuman’ commerce acutely, as an unusual interruption to a dependable import ...

144 chapter four certainly the cuman territories were also connected, via the Black Sea, to other commercial networks: although ...

the golden horde and the black sea 145 1243; the immediate consequences were the creation of the Golden horde and the extension ...

146 chapter four comes Sinopolis, belonging to the Sultan of turkia, who is likewise subject. Next, the territory of Vastacius, ...

the golden horde and the black sea 147 before their invasion. here William of rubruck’s testimony confirms Ibn al-athīr, the old ...

148 chapter four persian city meant that they had no other choice but to concentrate on the sea, and develop a Black Sea policy ...

the golden horde and the black sea 149 It should be noted that these diplomatic and military efforts had a pow- erful commercial ...