The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the 13th and 14th Centuries

30 chapter one all the Mongol powers—including the ulus of Jochi, newly settled in the cuman steppe—in favour of a far more rewa ...

preliminary remarks 31 side-show. In the mid-fourteenth century the khan of the Golden horde tried to create naval supremacy at ...

32 chapter one although hardly two years had passed since the Genoese had moved to forestall the khan’s attempts at building his ...

preliminary remarks 33 Mediterranean and in the Black Sea, this Westward expansion from the Far east encountered a similar but o ...

34 chapter one By securing passage through the Straits in this manner, Western mer- chants were one step closer to an important ...

preliminary remarks 35 long-distance trade. his characterisation has long been adopted into the historiography hereabouts, and i ...

36 chapter one persia, connecting the persian Gulf to the Black Sea via ormuz, tabriz and trebizond. as a result, the Black Sea ...

chapter two the Mongol expansion and the eurasian coMMercial axes 2.1 The Silk Road as a Channel for Expansion chinggis Khan him ...

38 chapter two not understand trade and commerce. this infuriated him, and to show that he was familiar with such concepts, he o ...

mongol expansion & eurasian commercial axes 39 that your authority is recognised in most countries in the world; thus i cons ...

40 chapter two did not last beyond the spring of 1218, however, when a caravan of four hundred and fifty men from the Mongol dom ...

mongol expansion & eurasian commercial axes 41 dream. their global aspirations coincided with those of the chinggisids, expl ...

42 chapter two through iran to the caucasus and the cuman steppe, then back to their point of departure beyond the syr darya.22 ...

mongol expansion & eurasian commercial axes 43 of Mongol rulers among agricultural or even urban populations—as happened in ...

44 chapter two Khan Ögödei’s death in 1241 was the signal for the end of hostilities, as all Mongol combatants withdrew back to ...

mongol expansion & eurasian commercial axes 45 at the same time as he resolved the problem of Jochid “colonisation” of the s ...

46 chapter two “Merchants brought him wares from all corners of the world; he bought everything, whatever it might be, and paid ...

mongol expansion & eurasian commercial axes 47 was also under Batu’s rule,39 not just the northern half of Khwarezm with its ...

48 chapter two expanded four-fold.46 tabriz was the real centre of the empire which stretched from the oxus to egypt.47 the gold ...

mongol expansion & eurasian commercial axes 49 it is quite true that, just as the medieval sources state, this great com- me ...