The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the 13th and 14th Centuries

50 chapter two however, this version of the story is undermined by the most reliable source in the controversy, ‛atā Malik Juway ...

mongol expansion & eurasian commercial axes 51 in the lands of azerbaijan, georgia, rūm, etc.”60 the way the story ends here ...

52 chapter two some isolated uprisings by those who escaped the massacre, in the mid- thirteenth century the heirs of Ögödei and ...

mongol expansion & eurasian commercial axes 53 side with Batu’s tax-gatherers under the direction of the seasoned admin- ist ...

54 chapter two in 1236/7,77 in 1242 Batu, hardly returned from the central european cam- paign, ordered general Bayju and the tr ...

mongol expansion & eurasian commercial axes 55 winner, should continue at the same time as renewed campaigning in china.84 t ...

56 chapter two the indian ocean to the eastern Mediterranean, one running through the persian gulf and iraq, the other through t ...

mongol expansion & eurasian commercial axes 57 the great army invaded syria in september 1259.95 the principal cities were q ...

58 chapter two although the Mamluks fought only one detachment, rather than the great Mongol army, the historical significance o ...

mongol expansion & eurasian commercial axes 59 hülegü, as the best placed of the various claimants, cut the gordian knot bri ...

60 chapter two sphere of influence, a state of affairs which greatly intensified their rivalry with the Mamluk sultanate. hülegü ...

chapter three the disintegration of the empire: intra- and extra-mongol commercial rivalries 3.1 The Jochid-Ilkhanid Struggle fo ...

62 chapter three from this perspective, the ilkhanid usurpation was merely one expres- sion of a deep-seated tendency which erod ...

the disintegration of the empire 63 source had most reason to lament the new orientation. the new khan, Berke, was a militant mu ...

64 chapter three these actions clearly cut across the golden horde’s ambitions for hege- mony in the muslim east, and upset the ...

the disintegration of the empire 65 of an unshakeable rivalry between the Jochids and the ilkhanids,20 tabriz was at the centre ...

66 chapter three the unequal division of the spoils of war,26 confessional differences27 and intrigue.28 the actual confrontatio ...

the disintegration of the empire 67 election of the new emperor—a tactic which his brother had successfully used in 1251. his ti ...

68 chapter three were not able to hold the caucasian lands beyond the Kura.35 also in vain was the campaign against hülegü’s suc ...

the disintegration of the empire 69 three continents of the known world. outside of this region, only con- stantinople enjoyed s ...