God’s Playground. A History of Poland, Vol. 1. The Origins to 1795
210 HANDEL Foreign Trade of Danzig, 1641 Exported Goods Value: in Prussian groats % A. Corn 19,693,862 71.3 B. Other agricultura ...
Captain Home Port Out of Cargo Bound for Cargo Jakub Doring Amsterdam Petersburg Oxhides Copenhagen Plums, Hops Andreas Morrow ...
212 HANDEL a military intelligence officer. The French were far more anxious to know the state of the Russian Fleet in Kronstadt ...
THE POLISH GRAIN TRADE 213 content themselves with so small a profit that they have engrossed almost all that part of the trade ...
214 HANDEL exported to Amsterdam, +62.1 per cent. These calculations, especially those for export, are open to severe doubts, no ...
THE POLISH GRAIN TRADE 215 The social effects of the Vistula Trade form the subject of a continuing contro- versy, whose contrad ...
216 HANDEL atmosphere of mutual understanding. However, in the course of the sixteenth century, the conditions of serfdom did de ...
THE POLISH GRAIN TRADE^217 ...
(^218) HANDEL took shape gradually, by expanding the lord's holding at the expense of those of the peasants, by land purchase, b ...
THE POLISH GRAIN TRADE 219 female staff, a dworka. The woznica (carter), parobek (ploughman), pasterz (cowherd), owczarz (shephe ...
220 HANDEL themselves. Noblemen paid no excise on their own produce nor on goods for their own use. As taxpayers they were asses ...
THE POLISH GRAIN TRADE 221 (1500) (1600) (1660) (1800) Cultivated area 100 110 65 (1685) 94 Grain Production: Peasants 100 100 3 ...
222 HANDEL Mere destruction, however, does not explain everything. In some parts of Europe, in neighbouring Bohemia, for example ...
THE POLISH GRAIN TRADE 223 economic affairs from the dietines; and the dietines lacked the means of co- ordinating their activit ...
224 HANDEL works at Pulawy. Warsaw, destroyed almost completely in 1944, has been resur- rected as a city of glass and concrete. ...
9 MIASTO: The Vicissitudes of Urban Life Cities have never been particularly prominent in Polish civilization. Their origins in ...
226 MIASTO entirely explicable by the invisible lines of demarcation between the numerous jurisdictions. It should also be remem ...
THE VICISSITUDES OF URBAN LIFE 227 Map 15. The Incorporated Cities of Mazovia The cities of Royal Prussia occupied a special pla ...
228 MIASTO Poland-Lithuania where the burgher estate could hold its own against the encroachments of the nobility. Urban society ...
THE VICISSITUDES OF URBAN LIFE 229 practices, and exercised control over its own members. Demarcation disputes were legion. The ...
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