God’s Playground. A History of Poland, Vol. 1. The Origins to 1795

322 BATHORY The magnates, too, were brought to heel. Although feuding in the provinces continued to be endemic, the King would n ...

THE TRANSYLVANIAN VICTOR 323 extract much blood from the noble stone. In 1577, he was assured revenue from the land-tax for two ...

324 BATHORY France, Spain, and Britain under the aegis of Dublin, or by some Duke of Franconia who sought to restore the Frankis ...

THE TRANSYLVANIAN VICTOR 325 diplomat, Antoni Possevini, to see what could be arranged. In 1581, Possevini met Bathory in Wilno, ...

(^326) BATHORY Thus did the Muscovites celebrate a severe defeat. Bathory's triumph soon cooled. Having made his reckoning with ...

14 VASA: The Swedish Connection (1587-1668) Sweden, which faced the Polish-Lithuanian Republic across the Baltic Sea, resembled ...

328 VASA which both Swedes and Poles were involved. Religion, too raised its head. In 1585, the citizens of Riga, incensed by Po ...

THE SWEDISH CONNECTION 329 Repulsing the Austrians from the gates of Cracow, he rushed to Danzig to escort the bewildered Sigism ...

330 VASA during the ceremony, insisting that the King keep all three fingers exactly erect during the swearing of the oath. He r ...

THE SWEDISH CONNECTION 331 Map 17. The Vasa Realm, (c. 1600) 'Ordinations' which began in 1589. The pattern was repeated through ...

332 VASA with the deepening miseries of the peasants. The wealth of individual cities, especially of Danzig, underlined the grow ...

THE SWEDISH CONNECTION 333 child circumcised, and shall not be buried in a Jewish graveyard. Nevertheless, should such a person ...

...

THE SWEDISH CONNECTION 335 ...

336 VASA the time being, calm prevailed. Jewish learning and scholarship reached a peak of profundity. The work of 'halakhic gia ...

THE SWEDISH CONNECTION 337 number of Turkish towns. In 1590, on the initiative of the Sejm, they were obliged to accept noble ca ...

338 VASA people of the Ukraine were fiercely independent, and resentful of interference from the government. But if they so insi ...

Map 18. The Republic of Poland-Lithuania at its greatest extent, 1634-5 ...

340 VASA and sink two of its ships. Fortunately for them, the Swedish flagship, the Vasa, was overturned by a squall in Stockhol ...

THE SWEDISH CONNECTION 341 General Miiller, who had directed his forces against the monastery of Czestochowa, was now faced with ...