A Short History of the Middle Ages Fourth Edition

Genealogy 5.3: The Salian Kings and Emperors Leo revolutionized the papacy. He had himself elected by the “clergy and people” to ...

preside over church councils and make the pope’s influence felt outside Italy, especially in France and Germany. To the papal cu ...

The pope and the king first collided over the appointment of the archbishop of Milan. Gregory disputed Henry’s right to “invest” ...

king humiliate himself before the papal majesty. Although it made a great impression on contemporaries, the whole episode solved ...

Map 5.3: Western Europe, c.1100 In the end, then, secular rulers continued to matter in the appointment of churchmen. But just a ...

and secular halves, so too did it imply a new notion of kingship separate from the priesthood. The Investiture Conflict did not ...

The event that historians call the First Crusade (1096–1099) mobilized a force of some 100,000 people, including warriors, old m ...

So wrote Rabbi Eliezer ben Nathan, mourning and celebrating the Jewish martyrs who perished at the hands of the crusaders. Leavi ...

eventually took charge—provisionally—of the expedition to Jerusalem. His way was eased by quarrels among Muslim rulers, and an a ...

Map 5.4: The Crusader States, c.1140 The states won during the First Crusade lasted—tenuously—until 1291, though many new crusad ...

conquest, these states were treated as lordships. The new rulers carved out estates to give as fiefs to their vassals, who, in t ...

A more long-lasting conquest took place in England. England had been linked to the Continent by the Vikings, who settled in its ...

now worth more than it had been TRE. As for the William mentioned here: he was not William the Conqueror but rather a vassal of ...

warriors from France. The French connection was symptomatic of a wider process: the Europeanization of Spain. Initially the Chri ...

Map 5.5: Spain at the Death of Alfonso VI (1109) PRAISING THE KING OF FRANCE Not all rulers had opportunities for grand conquest ...

Genealogy 5.4: The Capetian Kings of France Louis’s virtues were amplified and broadcast by his biographer, Suger (1081– 1151), ...

reality in an extremely small area. Nevertheless, Louis laid the groundwork for the gradual extension of royal power. As the lor ...

new schools, while masters and students who studied the quadrivium generally did so outside of the classroom. Scholars looked to ...

books for preachers, advice for rulers, manuals for priests, textbooks for students, and guides for living addressed to laypeopl ...

MONASTIC SPLENDOR AND POVERTY To care for ill monks, monasteries had infirmaries—proto-hospitals that were generally built at a ...