A Short History of the Middle Ages Fourth Edition

Further Reading Barber, Malcolm. Crusader States. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012. Bell, Nicholas. Music in Medieval ...

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Six Institutionalizing Aspirations (c.1150–c.1250) THE LIVELY DEVELOPMENTS of early twelfth-century Europe were institutionalize ...

Map 6.1: The Almohads before the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (1212) The Muslims were more successful in the shadow of the Crus ...

model and to wage jihad against the Christian states in his backyard. Above all he wanted to recover Jerusalem, and in 1187, at ...

Map 6.2: Saladin’s Empire, c.1200 THE UNDOING OF BYZANTIUM ...

In 1204 the leaders of the Fourth Crusade made a “detour” and conquered Constantinople instead. We shall later explore some of t ...

crusader armies breached the walls of Constantinople, encountered relatively little opposition, plundered the city for three day ...

One good example is England. The king hardly needed to be present: the government functioned by itself, with its own officials t ...

Genealogy 6.1: The Norman and Angevin Kings of England The Reforms of Henry II ...

Henry was count of Anjou, duke of Normandy, and overlord of about half the other counties of northern France. He was also duke o ...

Map 6.4: The Angevin and Capetian Realms in the Late Twelfth Century Once on the English throne, Henry destroyed or confiscated ...

he proceeded to extend his power, above all by imposing royal justice. Already the Anglo-Saxon kings had claimed rights in local ...

money for royal writs; for journeys to line up witnesses and to visit various courts; for the expenses of his clerical staff; an ...

accused of any matter shall, when summoned by the king’s justice, come before the king’s court to answer there.”^5 But Becket so ...

Emperor Otto IV of Brunswick and masterminded by John was soundly defeated at the battle of Bouvines in 1214. It was a defining ...

to codify, as its preface puts it, “judicial institutions in behalf of safeguarding peace and the rights of justice between cler ...

OF EMPIRES AND CITY-STATES Smaller states were the norm. In that sense the empire ruled by the German king— spanning both German ...

Genealogy 6.2: Rulers of Germany and Sicily Frederick had to deal with more than the princes. He had to confront the papacy. In ...

that coyly referred to the imperial crown as the pope’s beneficium—“benefit” or, more ominously, “fief.” “A great tumult and upr ...