A Short History of the Middle Ages Fourth Edition

his imperial might in material form, Frederick commissioned a bust of himself in the guise of a Roman emperor; supported by ange ...

Map 6.5: Italy in the Age of Frederick Barbarossa ...

Plate 6.1: Bust of Frederick Barbarossa (1165). Made in Aachen, and thus associated with Charlemagne, this bronze-gilt bust of F ...

By 1167, most of the cities of northern Italy had joined with Pope Alexander III (1159–1181) to form the Lombard League against ...

the German princes to give himself a free hand. In effect, he allowed the princes to turn their territories into independent sta ...

sides. The winners of those bitter wars were not the papacy, not the Angevins, not even the Aragonese, and certainly not the emp ...

it enhanced aristocratic honor, so dependent on personal generosity, patronage, and displays of wealth. In the late twelfth cent ...

THE CULTURE OF THE COURTS Great lords needed money to support their courtiers. When they traveled, they did so with a whole reti ...

The monks (as we have seen with the Cistercians, on p. 189) thought about the love between God and mankind; the troubadours thou ...

one of the themes of this literature: the poet expressing overwhelming love for a beautiful married noblewoman who is far above ...

Some troubadours, like the poet Bertran de Born (fl. 2nd half of 12th cent.), wrote about war, not love: Trumpets, drums, standa ...

Hair, not breaking a single Strand. Once a man Has fallen in love with a woman No one in all the world Can lavish such wild ador ...

Such perfect obedience and self-restraint even in the middle of a bloody battle was part of the premise of “chivalry.” The word, ...

he needed extra help. Some men, but almost no women, worked their way up to master status. They were the ones who dominated the ...

The curriculum of each university depended on its specialty and its traditions. At Paris in the early thirteenth century, studen ...

At the west end of his church, the point where the faithful entered, Suger decorated the portals with figures of Old Testament k ...

Plate 6.2: Notre Dame of Paris, Exterior (begun 1163). To take the weight of the vault off the walls and open them to glass and ...

Plate 6.3: Notre Dame of Paris, Interior (begun 1163). Compare this interior with that of Autun in Plate 5.6 (p. 185). Autun, a ...

However financed, Gothic cathedrals were community projects, enlisting the labor and support of a small army of quarrymen, build ...

Figure 6.1: Elements of a Gothic Church. This drawing of a section through the nave at Amiens shows the most important features ...