A Short History of the Middle Ages Fourth Edition

Europe was shaken by the Mongol invasions and then stabilized in a new pattern. (See Map 7.6.) In Hungary, King Béla IV (r.1235– ...

Map 7.6: East Central Europe, c.1300 Bulgaria and Poland experienced similar fragmentation in the wake of the Mongols. At the en ...

rule and established the Second Bulgarian Empire. Its ruler, no longer harking back to the khans, took the title tsar, Slavic fo ...

powerhouse. Taking advantage of the weak position of the German emperors, Bohemia’s rulers now styled themselves “king.” Ottokar ...

that all clerics who paid and all laymen who imposed payments without prior authorization from the pope “shall, by the very act, ...

the idea of leading all of Christendom and were coming to recognize the right of secular states to regulate their internal affai ...

Plate 7.1: Chalice (c.1300). This gilded silver chalice, one of a pair made in the Rhineland, graphically shows the connection b ...

Along with new devotion to the flesh of Christ came devotion to his mother. In the hands of the Sienese painter Pietro Lorenzett ...

Plate 7.2: Pietro Lorenzetti, Birth of the Virgin (1342). This painted altarpiece creates an architectural space of real depth i ...

Both publicly, in feasts dedicated to the major events in Mary’s life, and privately, in small and concentrated images made to b ...

Plate 7.3: A Shrine Madonna (c.1300) ...

Plate 7.3: A Shrine Madonna (c.1300) An outgrowth of the cult of the Virgin Mary, Shrine Madonnas became very popular throughout ...

Guido da Vigevano, “The Seven Cells of the Uterus” (1345). One of many anatomical drawings in a book that offered extracts from ...

However, Guido’s conception was not nearly as complex as the Rhineland Madonna. For the side cells of her innards were painted w ...

Plate 7.4: Hours of Jeanne d’Evreux (c.1325–1328). Meant for private devotion, this Book of Hours was lavishly illustrated, prob ...

members. High churchmen and wealthy laymen and -women insisted that they and members of their family be buried within the walls ...

areas, schools for children were attached to monasteries or established in villages. In the south of France, where the church st ...

potential to generate more wealth. The scholastics’ teachings were preached to townsmen by the friars as a matter of course. The ...

emotional life of the troubadour. His Commedia—later known as the Divine Comedy —presents Dante (writing in the first person) as ...

the university and the royal court, the motet harmonized the sacred with the worldly, the Latin language with the vernacular. Tw ...