The Russian Empire 1450–1801

exhibited an ornate Ukrainian baroque, as in the Church of Sts. Zacharias and Elizabeth (1757–76), perpetuating seventeenth-cent ...

seventeenth-century baroque. The cartouche ornament that had developed in Tot’ma and Solikamsk in the seventeenth century travel ...

churches erected by merchants, monasteries, and parishioners. The Church of the Elevation of the Cross (1764–7; Figure 13.9) ere ...

included suburban gardens commissioned by Peter I in French style and the transformation of a Lutheran church in the city fortre ...

architecturally with construction by wealthy monasteries, burgers, Cossack elites, demonstrating various shades of baroque acros ...

Figure 13.11St Petersburg’s imperial baroque is exemplified in this graceful Church of St. Andrew (built 1747–54) in Kyiv, by Ba ...

In its building policy towards Crimea, envisioned together by Catherine and Potemkin, the garden was a dominant motif, as it was ...

never granting constitutional institutions or rights overfiscal, legislative, or execu- tive power. The image of autocracy expan ...

Citing the endurance of sacred foundations of legitimacy: V. M. Zhivov,“The Myth of the State in the Age of Enlightenment and it ...

Marie-Antoinette(New York: Zone Books, 1999). On sexual rumors and slander on Elizabeth I: Carole Levin,The Heart and Stomach of ...

14 Army and Administration Expansion of the administration and army captured most of the attention of eighteenth-century rulers. ...

after his defeat on the Prut River in 1711. He immediately set off on the Grand Embassy of 1697–8 where, along with diplomatic m ...

mid-century the army displayed its characteristic diversity appropriate for Russia’s imperial terrain: 172,000field troops, 74,0 ...

men into service, their numbers needing to be constantly replenished due toflight, disease, starvation, and battlefield injury. ...

left his family and home forever. His wife and children were typically left with few resources, becoming a burden on relatives a ...

waves, searching for the most effective taxation structure. Muscovy’s bureaucracy had arguably been top-heavy with central admin ...

already in 1700 salaries for some chanceries were docked. Salary was often under- paid or not paid at all: scribes were expected ...

renamed“secretaries,”but the Table left their status ambiguous; a law of 1724 allowed them hereditary nobility, but throughout t ...

handle the work coming from myriad institutions in the capitals: one governor complained that he received orders fromfifty-four ...

depended upon patronage; for lesser office, promotions were regularly granted after eight years of service, rather than accordin ...