The Russian Empire 1450–1801

local administration, Iu. V. Got’e, found that in the eighteenth century local noblemen regularly served locally. Rulers between ...

allowed to buy land where they served, and in 1760 governors’terms were extended. To create an administrative structure of units ...

with a gubernia-level governor (gubernator) with somewhat less direct power. The reform reintroduced the short-lived Petrine div ...

minors and the insane. This body introduced something akin to the concept of habeas corpus to Russian law in allowing investigat ...

the state budget but at rates less than other officials in similar ranks; their chancery staffs were similarly less well provide ...

Russian and local norms to form the foundations of an Imperial law in certain important areas such as property and family law.”T ...

was better educated than their seventeenth-century counterparts, bringing more talent and career experience to administration, e ...

reforms, Paul I combined estate-oriented courts into single all-estate courts; he abolished the Courts of Equity and Boards of S ...

Catherine’s urge to impose an empire-wide standard, to forge an imperial nobility, and to rationalize governance was always temp ...

John P. LeDonne has mastered thefield of eighteenth-century administration:Absolutism and Ruling Class: The Formation of the Rus ...

15 Fiscal Policy and Trade In the eighteenth century money was constantly on rulers’minds, except when it wasn’t. They spent wit ...

to friends and favorites, and state expenditures vastly outstripped revenue. Admin- istrative reform added new costs: in 1763 an ...

and carried out surveying; they oversaw vodka and salt farming contracts and custom houses; they keptfinancial audits; they mana ...

Growth in industry in the eighteenth century responded not so much to indigenous demand, but to the intensity of government need ...

Urals mining continued to thrive in the eighteenth century. Business dynasties such as the Demidovs, Stroganovs, Iakovlevs, and ...

for local needs—small ironware, cutlery, leather goods, furniture. Now a rough division of labor and trade developed: the fertil ...

from Baltic and Volga arteries. Shifting gradually from grain to manufacturing, Moscow’s hinterland became a manufacturing hub f ...

from Arkhangelsk by awarding the new capital favorable tariffs and simply man- dating redirection of goods, even before proper m ...

Russia’s long-term goal of securing direct trade with China advanced in this century. Despite China’s anxiety at foreign traders ...

bringing in foreign specie by forcing foreign merchants to pay customs in silver thalers. Tariff rates skyrocketed twice in the ...