The Russian Empire 1450–1801

associated with industries that relied upon state provision of labor to produce them—potash, caviar, tar, pitch, blubber oil—or ...

the 1780s of export of surplus grain to the voracious European market, particularly that of wheat since it was not a staple food ...

A poll tax rate of 74 kopecks per adult male peasant became the official direct tax rate in 1725 after a census had been carried ...

increasingly inadequate. Since, unlike France and Britain in the late eighteenth century, Russia did not choose to tax the nobil ...

taxpayers paid poll tax and quitrent at the empire-wide rates. Natives, on the other hand, paidiasak. Throughout the eighteenth ...

Astrakhan-northern Caucasus gubernia population was not subject to direct taxes. The few state peasants there paid poll tax and ...

century. In 1783 here as in the Ukrainian and Belarus’an lands the poll tax and lower quitrent were introduced. Townsmen also pa ...

So also did Russia’s foreign debt. Russia had run a mounting deficit throughout the century, but could not borrow internationall ...

deficits soared as expenditures (on wars, on conspicuous consumption at court, on salaries to noble officialdom) continued unche ...

16 Surveillance and Control in Imperial Expansion In earlier chapters we surveyed the degree to which the Muscovite state exerte ...

to construct and settle the fortified line around Sloboda Ukraine. They were the ancestors ofodnodvortsy, border troops who jeal ...

and urban taxpaying households, omitting privileged elites (servitors, church) and natives who paidiasakor enjoyed tax privilege ...

voluminous studies of the empire’sflora and fauna, while Johann Gottlieb Georgi did the same for the empire’s many ethnic groups ...

identifiable when Russia acquired lands from the Commonwealth in the Thirteen Years War (1654–67) and partitions of Poland, else ...

reforms, coach and mail systems were administered separately. For the coach system, around 1730 the Coach Chancery (Iamskoi prik ...

Travel remained unpredictable and slow. Transport on the Vyshnyi Volochek canal system between Tver’and St. Petersburg by the en ...

of population, cities, and state ambitions, the state intervened to improve on Russia’s bounty of rivers with canal construction ...

early nineteenth century Odessa was handling 40 percent of the Russian empire’s grain exports. PASSPORTS The century’s tremendou ...

MILITARY PROVISIONING Russia’s military provisioning improved in the eighteenth century but systematic practices for feeding the ...

tradition of grain reserves was represented in the eighteenth century by a large network of urban and rural granaries. In Byzant ...