The Russian Empire 1450–1801

neighborhoods ripe for unrest. In fact, Moscow had rioted during the 1771– 2 plague, giving the empress yet more incentive for u ...

courts, neighborhood courts, church courts, the Main Magistrate court, social estate courts, and the neighborhood council. Mosco ...

the 1790s consisted of about 14 percent nobles, clerics, and elite, 15 percent townsmen, 4 percent soldiers (as opposed to St. P ...

population and, in sharp contrast to Moscow, only half of a percentage were clergy. The city had a major convent and monastery a ...

efficient approaches to governance, such as instituting taxes on residents in the 1760s to pay for trash collection and to buy o ...

young Edward Wilbraham-Bootle on the Grand Tour in 1792–4. St. Petersburg was an international city with sizeable European and A ...

THE CULTURE OF MERCHANTS As noted, Moscow’s merchants faced a lot of competition—from state peasants and serfs, noble investors, ...

property and bankruptcy law, insurance, banks and credit, communication sys- tems. But they did enjoy legal protections through ...

challenging life; he noted in his diary that he spent more than half the time away from home in the early years of his career, i ...

Onraznochintsy: Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter,Social Identity in Imperial Russia(DeKalb, Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press ...

19. Confessionalization in a Multi-ethnic Empire Although the Russian empire had contained non-Christian faiths since at least t ...

Masonry (Nikolai Novikov, Alexander Radishchev, Prince M. M. Shcherbatov, N. M. Karamzin), even argued in favor of true tolerati ...

sixteenth century the state, not the Orthodox Church, was responsible for approv- ing the construction of new mosques, which it ...

(three years’relief from poll tax and recruit obligations) and by violence (more than 400 of 518 mosques in Kazan province were ...

books in Russian and Tatar translations. It also suspended Orthodox missionary work against Islam, a policy that lasted into the ...

Muslims constituted about 5 percent of the empire’s population, from Crimea to the Volga to Irkutsk. They boasted several center ...

move to control the spread of Buddhism here and proselytize Orthodoxy more aggressively. Mention should be made, however, of Rus ...

guaranteed the religious freedom of Lutherans as he recruited officers, engineers, and tradesmen and when he conquered previousl ...

religions, the Lutheran Church was organized as a department within the Depart- ment of Spiritual Affairs in the Ministry of Int ...

millenarian, its day-to-day practice was that of a religion“of the book,”focused on scripture, law, and teachers. Russia acquire ...