The Russian Empire 1450–1801

University Press, 1991); Andreas Schönle,“Garden of the Empire: Catherine’s Appro- priation of the Crimea,”Slavic Review60 (2001 ...

springs and summers contrast to long winter freezes. The mean temperatures in January in European Russia and southern Siberia av ...

Conclusion Constructing and Envisioning Empire By the end of the eighteenth century Russia’s rulers and elite began to exhibit s ...

St. Petersburg and Kyiv in the west to the southern Urals, this mixed forest triangle enjoyed slightly milder winters and warmer ...

superiority or even great difference from other ethnic groups. Muscovite tsars, as Valerie Kivelson showed, reveled in the diver ...

steppe and the soil becomes progressively darker and richer. This rich, broad swath of“black earth,”stretches from modern day Uk ...

This is clear in Catherine II’s quite conscious, pragmatic goal of defining an “imperial Russian”identity inclusive of her many ...

Age, affecting the northern hemisphere from Greenland and Iceland across the Europe through Russia to China, starting around 130 ...

Figure C.1Academician Johann Gottlieb Georgi’s sketches of ethnic types, based on his travels in the 1770s, became one of many s ...

centuries were characterized by climatic instability and extremes. In addition to very cold winters, many summers were overly dr ...

expedition in the 1790s to Crimea and the south produced striking paintings of native peoples (Kalmyks, Tatars, Cossacks), mount ...

times of social unrest and dysfunction, and underscores the benefits of Russia’s persistent expansion into more fertile, resourc ...

classical look; nobles and the imperial family erected similar churches on their estates, as did factory owners in industrial an ...

While plague was a suddenly devastating illness, chronic infectious diseases also took great tolls. Smallpox was so endemic in E ...

In non-Russian capitals, grand neo-Russian cathedrals dominated city skylines in Helsinki (Cathedral of the Dormition 1868), Vil ...

intensive cultivation techniques, and more complex regional distribution systems in some areas. The empires of Eurasia also exhi ...

open spaces. Even in foreign centers—Carlsbad, Vienna, and Copenhagen in Europe, Port Arthur in the Far East, the holy city of J ...

France 53, the Germanies 45, the Habsburg lands 39, Poland 18, and European Russia 6.5. Urbanization paralleled population growt ...

reform and decentralization of political power—also made the Ottoman empire vulnerable. How was Russia able to amass such state- ...

west (Bursa, Istanbul, Belgrade, Edirne), in Syria (Aleppo, Damascus), in Iraq (Baghdad) and the Black Sea littoral. Constantino ...