The Russian Empire 1450–1801

until 1581, when Russia lost Narva and could no longer afford to restrict European trade. Dutch merchants were allowed into Whit ...

University Press, 2009), 237–59. On Mongol influence: Donald G. Ostrowski,Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on ...

Macedonians 113 Machiavelli, Niccolò 2 Madariaga, Isabel de 316 Magdeburg 73 Magellan, Ferdinand 450 magic and witchcraft 260–1, ...

3 Assembling Empire The First Centuries Russia’sfirst centuries of empire, roughly from mid-sixteenth century through the sevent ...

merchants (cont.) role of 36 Russian 56, 111, 162, 189, 191, 193, 198, 242 – 3 Swedish 198, 241 Tatar 56, 91, 95, 99 Turkish 192 ...

influence in Kazan, Moscow mounted a military campaign in 1551–2. The conquest was brutal: using tactics of mass expulsion that ...

millenarianism 37, 257–8, 405–6, 410, 419 Miller, Aleksei 460 Miloslavskaia, Mariia 151, 279 Miloslavskies, the 153, 212, 280 Mi ...

Circassians of Kabarda entered into a short-lived alliance with Muscovy (1557–8), symbolized by the marriage of the recently wid ...

“Moscow List”, the 214 Moscow Merchant Club 393 Moskovskie vedomosti388, 436 Moskva River 44, 142, 236 mosques 70, 95, 285, 292, ...

Volga the Nogais forced the Great Horde out in the sixteenth century, and were in turn expelled in the early seventeenth century ...

joining the ranks of the 106, 428–30, 434 local 116, 307 number of 105 rights/privileges of 79, 113, 117, 121, 211, 360, 375, 42 ...

armed with bow and arrow on small fast horses; on the Dnieper, Don, and Volga Rivers and Caspian Sea, they were expert sailors, ...

Palermo 31, 235 Pamir Mountains, the 21 Paris 31, 235, 377, 428, 446 Parkinson, John 390 passportsseetravel/transport, documents ...

military autonomy, freedom from direct and from many indirect taxes, the right to distill and sell alcohol, grants of land farme ...

Petrozavodsk 407 Petrov, Vasilii 282, 377, 437 Physiocracy 316, 326, 379 Pilsen 31 Pintner, Walter 298–300, 317 Pisar’kova, L. F ...

Kyiv Moscow Kazan Perm Black Sea saC naip aeS Semipalatinsk Tobolsk^1587 Berezov^1593 Turukhansk 1607 Yeniseisk^1619 Tomsk 1604 ...

povity seeHetmanate, the, Left Bank power 3, 5–6, 212, 220, 248–9, 270, 276, 278 – 80, 370, 458–9;see also authorityandcontrol b ...

were possible, in-migration of Slavic colonists increased, and several of the northern fort towns (Berezov, Mangazeia, Obdorsk) ...

rationalization/rationality 306, 314, 391, 412 – 14, 454, 456 ratmany309, 378 Razin, Stepan 72, 99, 162, 167, 172, 230–1, 242, 3 ...

Transbaikal Cossacks that galvanized Buriats and local Russian settlers against the Irkutsk governor from 1695 to 1697. Taking S ...