The Russian Empire 1450–1801

deficits soared as expenditures (on wars, on conspicuous consumption at court, on salaries to noble officialdom) continued unche ...

16 Surveillance and Control in Imperial Expansion In earlier chapters we surveyed the degree to which the Muscovite state exerte ...

to construct and settle the fortified line around Sloboda Ukraine. They were the ancestors ofodnodvortsy, border troops who jeal ...

and urban taxpaying households, omitting privileged elites (servitors, church) and natives who paidiasakor enjoyed tax privilege ...

voluminous studies of the empire’sflora and fauna, while Johann Gottlieb Georgi did the same for the empire’s many ethnic groups ...

identifiable when Russia acquired lands from the Commonwealth in the Thirteen Years War (1654–67) and partitions of Poland, else ...

reforms, coach and mail systems were administered separately. For the coach system, around 1730 the Coach Chancery (Iamskoi prik ...

Travel remained unpredictable and slow. Transport on the Vyshnyi Volochek canal system between Tver’and St. Petersburg by the en ...

of population, cities, and state ambitions, the state intervened to improve on Russia’s bounty of rivers with canal construction ...

early nineteenth century Odessa was handling 40 percent of the Russian empire’s grain exports. PASSPORTS The century’s tremendou ...

MILITARY PROVISIONING Russia’s military provisioning improved in the eighteenth century but systematic practices for feeding the ...

tradition of grain reserves was represented in the eighteenth century by a large network of urban and rural granaries. In Byzant ...

PUBLIC HEALTH The state responded more systematically in this century to the continued outbreaks of disease that we saw in Chapt ...

subsided in 1772, half the city’s population hadfled and three-quarters of those who remained had died, upwards to 70,000 people ...

body. Over the eighteenth century the state did not waver in its control of major judicial issues; as discussed in Chapter 14, j ...

this century, but it provided an additional tool to the state for its most important initiatives. As a rule, Russia maintained a ...

Figure 16.1 Broadsheets and penny press in the eighteenth century generally steered clear of political themes, but critique of o ...

heresy, magic, marriage, and divorce—was affirmed, but other issues were moved to secular courts, such as sexual offenses (rape, ...

penalty. In 1743 she expressed her discomfort with the practice, and in laws of 1751 and 1753 the Senate essentially replaced it ...

“Feeding the Troops: Russian Army Supply Policies during the Seven Years War,” Canadian Slavonic Papers29 (1987): 24–44. For civ ...