The Russian Empire 1450–1801

472 – 85; Alton Donnelly,“The Mobile Steppe Frontier: The Russian Conquest and Colonization of Bashkiria and Kazakhstan to 1850, ...

17 Soslovie, Serfs, and Society on the Move The development of society in the Russian empire in the eighteenth century is full o ...

POPULATION GROWTH AND MOBILITY Russia’s eighteenth century was a century in motion: between 1646 and 1796, the Russian empire ex ...

In thefirst decades of the eighteenth century as fortified lines pushed south into the forested steppe between the Dnieper and V ...

10 percent of the new settlers, more than half of it Russian peasants, the rest Tatars and Middle Volga peoples. The Black Sea s ...

population in the 1760s to about 52 percent by 1795. Ukrainians also moved into the Don Cossack lands, constituting a third of t ...

from Muscovite gentry (deti boiarskie) and other social groups from Cossacks to runaway serfs who manned steppe garrisons in the ...

subsequently landlords raised quitrent faster than did the state. In the 1760s, landlords were asking one to two rubles inobrok, ...

of abuses, Paul I at his coronation spoke in favor of the three-day labor limit and no peasant labor on Sundays (but since in so ...

categories of military servitors were folded into the peasantry. These included odnodvortsy, gentry, musketeers, provincial Coss ...

certainly also engaged in trade and crafts. Some married their way, or talked their way, into urban taxpaying or higher social s ...

done in the landlord’s name. We see the fruits of the law’s ambiguities in the eighteenth century. Because most landlords did no ...

estates, when the law demanded that state courts control criminal justice. Landlords could cynically emancipate serfs when they ...

punishment and exile. When peasants did manage to complain, they were rarely heeded by local authorities. In one case in the 172 ...

produced“a viable way of life”for peasants; Dennison concurs that serfdom produced“a more open, dynamic society than that usuall ...

percent of the grain harvest was exported, Riga being the primary port until Black Sea ports got going at the end of the century ...

co-opted enough of regional elites and power structures, they would help control the lower classes. Fewer options for accommodat ...

Kazakhs defending lands, nomadic life, and status. As the rebels moved into the Middle Volga and forested steppe, they were join ...

Inspired by populationism and natural law, in principle she considered revising serfdom, in an attempt to create a prosperous an ...

subordination to a skeletal administrative network. Otherwise, this was an imperial society of“difference.” ***** Gregory Freeze ...