The Russian Empire 1450–1801

II’s massive secularization of monastic and church income and property was, then, in some ways a culmination of a century-long r ...

a good job of disseminating these new ideas to the laymen. The majority of members of the social estate of religious people were ...

The poverty of the parish clergy was, however, a central obstacle to such efforts. Aside from comfortable urban parishes, parish ...

By the 1690s disagreements in the Old Belief emerged over the problem of replicating Orthodox life and liturgy in the End Time w ...

prized objects as much as literal texts. Their leaders wrote polemics against the official Church’s apologists and pietistic wor ...

such as taverns and“pagan”holiday revelries. In all these efforts, the communi- ties physically and symbolically distinguished t ...

Believer groups were allowed to create compounds in Moscow and St. Petersburg. Ostensibly established as charitable foundations, ...

succeeded: rejected by Moscow in 1448, it became a dead letter when the Turks captured Constantinople in 1453. The 1596 Union, o ...

who had been educated in Jesuit schools and couldfightfire withfire began revitalizing the faith, in essence leading a confessio ...

oversight of dioceses and parishes and mandated that bishops personally visit and inspect each parish in a two-year cycle. It ma ...

supervisory administrative structure for them. She did, however, permit conversion from Uniate to Orthodox, which the Vatican co ...

monasteries), primarily in western Belarus’and Volhynia. Only in Right Bank Ukraine had it been generally eliminated. Declaring ...

1 (1985): 1–30 and his“Orthodoxy and Russia’s Enlightenment, 1762–1825,”in Robert L. Nichols and Theofanis George Stavrou, eds., ...

21. Nobility, Culture, and Intellectual Life The eighteenth century has been called the“golden age of the nobility.”But who were ...

knowledge, critical thinking, and freedom of conscience. It was this approach that characterized much of what we see as Enlighte ...

of fourteen ranks each; below these ranks were, of course, dozens of lesser civil and military roles. Ranks 1–3, for example, we ...

secretaries (a rank awarding nobility) were of noble background; the rest had risen from non-noble status. Some achievements aut ...

classical curriculum; in the capitals and in regional centers they spoke common languages (French, German, Russian) and engaged ...

made to undermine elite families’abilities to build factions by marriage (he decreed that affianced couples should have a longer ...

could own serfs for manufacturing, for example, but the possession accrued to the factory, not personally to the merchant, and P ...