The Russian Empire 1450–1801

Bolotov, and Catherine II herself, wrote didactic instructions on the upbringing of their children, like counterparts in France, ...

CULTURE, COHESION, AND STATE POLICY Jonathan Powis underscores the importance of lifestyle habits in defining a cohesive social ...

traditional standards. For theMirror, piety was a woman’s primary virtue, followed closely by obedience, chastity, and above all ...

and playwrights such as Mikhail Lomonosov, Vasilii Petrov, Gavrila Derzhavin, and Aleksandr Sumarokov, in addition to scientific ...

one of the earliest literary journals (Industrious Bee, 1759). Lomonosov excelled at poetry, developing the ode in particular. T ...

1770s, with a 1783 decree opening up private publication. Still, censorship was potential: owners of private presses were requir ...

posed in kaftans like Polish Sarmatian noblemen; portraits were restrained and dignified, even iconographic, or surrounded by or ...

Figure 21.1Dmitrii Levitskii’s portrait of the botanist P. A. Demidov demonstrates the fruits of the nobility’s access to Europe ...

Figure 21.2Prince A. B. Kurakin used this 1801 portrait by Borovikovskii to demonstrate his political loyalties and achievements ...

employed as poets and translators in the Academy of Science and court, or employed in military and civil service, there were lim ...

patriarchy, while the institution of serfdom was hardly ever questioned. Patriarchy within families was to be softened by love a ...

did clubs, such as the English Club, founded in St. Petersburg in 1770 with a membership of Russians, English, nobles, professio ...

published in 1793 in a journal edited by Princess Dashkova, Catherine ordered its entire print run destroyed and Dashkova dismis ...

through moral reform. Scholars have explored how eighteenth-century intellectuals deployed the Orthodox theme of Russia as a wor ...

On cultural changes in Peter I’s time: James Cracraft,The Petrine Revolution in Russian Culture(Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Pr ...

University Press, 1991); Andreas Schönle,“Garden of the Empire: Catherine’s Appro- priation of the Crimea,”Slavic Review60 (2001 ...

Conclusion Constructing and Envisioning Empire By the end of the eighteenth century Russia’s rulers and elite began to exhibit s ...

superiority or even great difference from other ethnic groups. Muscovite tsars, as Valerie Kivelson showed, reveled in the diver ...

This is clear in Catherine II’s quite conscious, pragmatic goal of defining an “imperial Russian”identity inclusive of her many ...

Figure C.1Academician Johann Gottlieb Georgi’s sketches of ethnic types, based on his travels in the 1770s, became one of many s ...