Steels_ Metallurgy and Applications, Third Edition

8 Steels: Metallurgy and Applications where T is the absolute temperature and the gas constant R = 1.987 cal. degree -1 .mole -l ...

Low-carbon strip steels 9 Table 1.1 Temperature dependence of solubility products (Wt%) for carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, 1 ...

10 Steels: Metallurgy and Applications a series of multicomponent systems have now been developed. These programs can be used to ...

Low-carbon strip steels 11 0 t " '" I! ...... 0.04 wt% Nb. 0.09 wt% V ~12.'~ Sv ('f, mm'/mms ~ 8 0-- 170 ~. 6 m~x......._m ~ i s ...

12 Steels: Metallurgy and Applications unit cell to the a-axis depends on the carbon content. Martensite is the hardest structur ...

Low-carbon strip steels 13 RD TD e{111) <112> 0{111} <110> "{100} <011> A{211} <011> Figure 1.7 (200) po ...

14 Steels: Metallurgy and Applications Figure 1.9 Stereographic projection illustrating the relationship between the crystal coo ...

Low-carbon strip steels 15 particular orientation. The spatial distribution of texture is important because what happens to a pa ...

16 Steels: Metallurgy and Applications 10 C: O4 (a) 1(OOl) (i 2) (1 ii o o) l [~o] [~o1 [1~o1 [1~o1,, I I/ I. t! I 70% 50% 0% (b ...

Low-carbon strip steels 17 .................. !10 "o""" s ~ ,, .'"" ~ 4 ~-~0.2 ~ 2 ~ o S~ 0 ........ _, ............ 0 0 30 ~ 60 ...

18 Steels: Metallurgy and Applications i O , (a) ,,, , ~((X)I) (112) [,[110] [1t0] ,, I 10 100s lO00s (111) [1to] z 1000s (11o_) ...

Low.carbon strip steels 19 the initial decrease in the (111) components is compensated for by a subse- quent increase especially ...

20 Steels: Metallurgy and Applications 1 I I 7~..~,~I [ I- II ..... I llJl (a) (b) Figure 1.16 (a) Deep drawing; (b) stretch for ...

Low-carbon strip steels 21 ~.- True stress Engineering stress Strain Figure 1.17 Stress-strain diagrams stress continues to incr ...

22 Steels: Metallurgy and Applications thinner and narrower. The strain ratio r is defined, therefore, as the ratio of the true ...

Low-carbon strip steels 23 2.4 2.0 1.6 E 1.2 0.8 0.4 0.1 , , ,,, ,i , ,, 9 ~- T .re e 9. 9 9 o ~ o9 ~ ooO O~o ~ ~ 9 i*';o ...

24 Steels: Metallurgy and Applications 40 E 30 -1- 20 .... | , I | 0.2 0.4 0.6 Polar thickness strain Figure 1.21 Relationship b ...

Low-carbon strip steels 25 e 25 ~" 45o 0 0 ~ 90 ~ troughs ~? -15 a I i ~ ~!!! I I I J -0.6 -0.2 0.2 0.6 1.0 1.4 1.8 Figure 1.23 ...

26 Steels: Metallurgy and Applications 40 o~ EE 3O o^20 UJ 10 ............. Graph^919 O 9 O9149 9 9 m ~Do 09 00 01mlo i 9 ...

Low-carbon strip steels 27 0.30 0.25 ~ 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 200 ~ l phase -"~,-,,,,._...,"~.- SolU ~iutio n ~ strengthened "grain ...