Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Some Basic Chemistry 23 New Terminology Acid (ASS-sid) Amino acid (ah-MEE-noh ASS-sid) Atom (A-tum) Base (BAYSE) Buffer system ( ...

When you hear or see the word chemistry, you may think of test tubes and Bunsen burners in a laboratory experiment. However, lit ...

atom, the number of protons () equals the number of electrons (); therefore, an atom is electrically neu- tral. The electrons, ...

Another example is the bonding of chlorine to cal- cium. An atom of calcium has two electrons in its out- ermost shell and tends ...

compounds such as proteins and carbohydrates are complex and precise arrangements of these atoms covalently bonded to one anothe ...

A strand of hair maintains its shape (a genetic char- acteristic) because of disulfide bonds. When naturally curly hair is strai ...

sweating. Excess body heat evaporates sweat on the skin surfaces, rather than overheating the body’s cells, and because of water ...

does mean “significant.” If the amount of carbon di- oxide in the body fluids increases, it causes these fluids to become too ac ...

ACIDS, BASES, AND pH An acidmay be defined as a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions (H) in a water solu ...

acidic, and this tendency to acidosis must be continu- ally corrected. Normal pH of internal fluids is main- tained by the kidne ...

HCl NaHCO 3 →NaCl H 2 CO 3 What has happened here? Hydrochloric acid, a strong acid that would greatly lower pH, has reacted w ...

but the physical arrangement of the carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in each differs from that of glu- cose. This gives each h ...

it is not as precise, it is often easier to speak of satu- rated and unsaturated fats, indicating the predomi- nance of one or t ...

BOX2–3 LIPIDS IN THE BLOOD cause in this form cholesterol is more easily removed from the blood by the liver and excreted in bil ...

which forms the myelin sheath around nerve cells and provides electrical insulation for nerve impulse trans- mission. The struct ...

atoms). Some proteins require a trace element such as iron or zinc to complete their structure and permit them to function prope ...

tween them, creating a new compound. The product of the reaction, the new compound, is then released, leaving the enzyme itself ...

With respect to temperature, most human enzymes have their optimum functioning in the normal range of body temperature: 97to 99 ...

NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA and RNA The nucleic acids, DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA(ribonucleic acid), are large molecules made of s ...

nucleotides called a double helix (two coils). Alterna- ting phosphate and sugar molecules form the uprights of the ladder, and ...