Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology

Elements Elements are the simplest chemicals, which make up all matter. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, ...

Acids, bases, and pH The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14; 7 is neutral; below 7 is acidic; above 7 is alkaline. An acid increases ...

State the chemical symbol for each of the following elements: sodium, potassium, iron, calcium, oxy- gen, carbon, hydrogen, cop ...

CHAPTER 3 Chapter Outline Cell Structure Cell Membrane Nucleus Cytoplasm and Cell Organelles Cellular Transport Mechanisms Diffu ...

Cells 47 New Terminology Absorption (ab-ZORB-shun) Active transport (AK-tiv TRANS-port) Aerobic (air-ROH-bik) Cell membrane (SEL ...

All living organisms are made of cells and cell products. This simple statement, called the cell the- ory, was first proposed mo ...

are not. These mechanisms of cellular transport will be covered later in this chapter. The cell membrane is of particular import ...

“switched on,” in a particular cell. These active genes are the codes for the proteins necessary for the specific cell type and ...

membranes, that have specific functions in cellular metabolism. They are also shown in Fig. 3–2. The endoplasmic reticulum(ER) i ...

surface area of the membrane, and are part of the cells lining organs that absorb materials. The small intes- tine, for example, ...

sugar. If a 2% salt solution and a 6% salt solution are separated by a membrane allowing water but not salt to pass through it, ...

FACILITATED DIFFUSION The word facilitatemeans to help or assist. In facili- tated diffusion, molecules move through a membrane ...

55 A Diffusion B Osmosis C Facilitated Diffusion D Active transport E Filtration F Phagocytosis G Pinocytosis Small protein ...

pumping of the heart. Filtration occurs when blood flows through capillaries, whose walls are only one cell thick and very perme ...

57 Cell nucleus Nuclear pore Nuclear membrane A A Codon A DNA Amino acids Peptide bonds mRNA tRNA Ribosome Anticodon A A G C A U ...

Recall that in Chapter 2 you read that a geneis the genetic code for one protein. This is a simplification, and the functioning ...

59 BOX3–2 GENETIC DISEASE—SICKLE-CELL ANEMIA Normal hemoglobin Normal red blood cells (RBCs) Sickle red blood cells Sickle hemog ...

CELL DIVISION Cell division is the process by which a cell reproduces itself. There are two types of cell division, mitosis and ...

by chemicals from the adjacent damaged tissue. Or the dividing cells may be stem cells that are among the specialized cells. (A ...

cells, each with the haploid number(half the usual number) of chromosomes. In women, meiosis takes place in the ovaries and is c ...