Building Construction Handbook, Eighth Edition

Retaining Walls ~ the major function of any retaining wall is to act as on earth retaining structure for the whole or part of it ...

Small Height Retaining Walls ~ retaining walls must be stable and the usual rule of thumb for small height brick retaining walls ...

Retaining Walls up to 6„000 high ~ these can be classified as medium height retaining walls and have the primary function of ret ...

Earth Pressures ~ these can take one of two forms namely:- Active Earth Pressures † these are those pressures which tend to mo ...

Mass Retaining Walls ~ these walls rely mainly on their own mass to overcome the tendency to slide forwards. Mass retaining wall ...

Medium Height Retaining Walls ...

Cantilever Retaining Walls ~ these are constructed of reinforced concrete with an economic height range of 1„200 to 6„000. They ...

Formwork ~ concrete retaining walls can be cast in one of three ways † full height; climbing (page 256) or against earth face (p ...

Climbing Formwork or Lift Casting ~ this method can be employed on long walls, high walls or where the amount of concrete which ...

Casting Against Earth Face ~ this method can be an adaptation of the full height or climbing formwork systems. The latter uses a ...

Masonry units † these are an option where it is impractical or cost-ineffective to use temporary formwork to in-situ concrete. E ...

Construction † a reinforced concrete base is cast with projecting steel bars accurately located for vertical continuity. The wal ...

Crib Retaining Walls † a system of pre-cast concrete or treated timber components comprising headers and stretchers which interl ...

Soil Nailing ~ a cost effective geotechnic process used for retaining large soil slopes, notably highway and railway embankments ...

Gabion ~ a type of retaining wall produced from individual rectangular boxes made from panels of wire mesh, divided internally a ...

Design of Retaining Walls ~ this should allow for the effect of hydrostatics or water pressure behind the wall and the pressure ...

A graphical design solution, to determine the earth thrust (P) behind a retaining wall. Data from previous page: h = 3„300 m  = ...

Open Excavations ~ one of the main problems which can be encountered with basement excavations is the need to provide temporary ...

Perimeter Trench Excavations ~ in this method a trench wide enough for the basement walls to be constructed is excavated and sup ...

Complete Excavation ~ this method can be used in firm subsoils where the centre of the proposed basement can be excavated first ...