Physical Chemistry , 1st ed.

(as CO 2 commonly does). If the temperature is higher than the critical tem- perature, then the solid will “melt”into a supercri ...

6.2 Single-Component Systems 6.1.Determine the number of components in the following systems: (a)an iceberg of pure H 2 O; (b)br ...

6.22.In words, explain what slope the Clapeyron equation can calculate. That is, a plot of what measurement with re- spect to wh ...

6.36.Figure 6.16 is the phase diagram of^3 He at very low temperatures: Figure 6.16 Phase diagram of^3 He.Source:Adapted from W. ...

7 I N THE PREVIOUS CHAPTER, we introduced some important concepts that we can apply to systems at equilibrium. The Clapeyron equ ...

7.2 The Gibbs Phase Rule In the previous chapter, we introduced the Gibbs phase rule for a single com- ponent. Recall that the p ...

168 CHAPTER 7 Equilibria in Multiple-Component Systems What are the degrees of freedom that can be specified? We already know th ...

Solution There are three distinct phases in this equilibrium, a solid ferric sulfate phase, a solid ferric oxide phase, and a ga ...

According to equation 4.58, the chemical potential of a real gas is related to some standard chemical potential plus a correctio ...

where piis the equilibrium vapor pressure above the solution and pi* is the equilibrium vapor pressure of the pure liquid. Equat ...

Raoult’s law is useful in understanding the vapor-phase behavior of ideal solutions. If the vapor phase is treated as an ideal g ...

Example 7.4 In analogy to ice baths, there are vapor baths that are kept at constant tem- perature by the equilibrium between th ...

Similar substitutions can be made into equation 7.20 to get an expression like equation 7.19. As an example, for the 0.5850/0.41 ...

Say you have a system with a particular liquid-phase composition. It will have a characteristic vapor-phase composition, determi ...

at that composition. Only when the vapor pressure reaches the surrounding pressure will the two-component liquid be at its boili ...

Fractional distillations are among the most important and energy-demanding processes, especially in the petrochemical industry. ...

component. Also note that the bubble point line and the dew point line have switched places. Fractional distillations can also b ...

Similarly, for (^) mixS: (^) mixS8.314  mo J lK (0.250 ln 0.250 0.750 ln 0.750) (^) mixS4.68  mo J lK 4.00 mol 1 ...

Figure 7.14 shows plots of composition of liquid and vapor phase versus temperature. The curious thing about this plot is that t ...

are limiting our systems to two components, these azeotropes are all binary azeotropes, but in systems that have more than two c ...