Physical Chemistry , 1st ed.

On the other hand, a mixture of iron filings and sulfur powder is composed of the two components iron and sulfur. The mixture ma ...

Now we consider something that is usually so obvious to us that we do not really think about it. The stable phase of a single-co ...

normal boiling point is that temperature at which a liquid can exist in equilib- rium with its gas phase at 1 atm. Since the beh ...

If an equilibrium is established and then the temperature or the pressure is changed, the equilibrium must shift:that is, the re ...

During the phase transition, the temperature of the system remains con- stant: phase transitions are isothermalprocesses. Only w ...

the Gvalue is not zero. This process is not just the phase transition. It in- cludes a change in temperature as well. One conse ...

Solution a.The specific chemical process that is the freezing of mercury is Hg () →Hg (s) which occurs at 38.9°C or 234.3 K. ...

and using equation 6.8, we get Sphase1dTVphase1dpSphase2dTVphase2dp Because the temperature change dTand pressure chang ...

The temperature units cancel to give us, after rearranging, p  ( 1. 1 6 0 3 ) (22 1 . 0 0  4 3 J) L We have to use the give ...

as the pressure needed to promote the conversion from graphite to diamond. This is over 65,000 times atmospheric pressure. In re ...

Solution First, we calculate the change in volume. For 1.00 mole of water that has a mass of 18.01 g, the volume of the liquid i ...

which is one form of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.This equation can also be integrated between two sets of conditions, (p 1 , ...

Solving for the boiling point: TBP632 K The measured boiling point of mercury is 629 K. The previous example illustrates how we ...

the Clapeyron or the Clausius-Clapeyron equations.Single-component phase diagrams are nothing more than plots of the Clapeyron e ...

exist as a definite liquid or gas. (It can exist as a solid if the temperature is low enough.) The state of the H 2 O is called ...

compound H 2 O. One of the noteworthy points is that there are actually several types of solid H 2 O, that is, ice. Note the pre ...

the phase diagram and observe which phase transitions occur for that change. Single-component phase diagrams are especially easy ...

equilibrium—must have conditions corresponding to that line). The num- ber of degrees of freedom has dropped because the number ...

potential,. This will be more relevant when we consider phase transitions. Equations 6.18 and 6.19 can be rewritten as (  T  ...

a.Pressure is increased on the equilibrium H 2 O (s,V19.64 mL) H 2 O (,V18.01 mL). b.Temperature is decreased on the equili ...