Physical Chemistry , 1st ed.

We end this section with a warning, however. Many biochemistry texts sim- plify the reaction in equation 2.61 as ATP ADP + phosp ...

2.2 Work and Heat 2.1.Calculate the work performed by a person who exerts a force of 30 N (N newtons) to move a box 30 meters i ...

2.26.A refrigerator contains approximately 17 cubic feet, or about 480 liters, of air. Assuming it acts as an ideal gas with a C ...

2.56.1.20 g of benzoic acid, C 6 H 5 COOH, is burned in a porcelain dish exposed to the air. If 31,723 J of energy is given off ...

3 A LTHOUGH THE MATHEMATICAL AND CONCEPTUAL TOOLS PROVIDED BY THE ZEROTH AND FIRST LAWS OF THERMO- DYNAMICS ARE VERY USEFUL, we ...

is pressed, gas comes out spontaneously. When metallic sodium is placed in a jar filled with chlorine gas, a chemical reaction o ...

process spontaneous?” We will introduce and develop the tools in this chapter, and consider a very specific answer to the questi ...

cycle is shown in Figure 3.2. The steps of a Carnot cycle are, for an ideal gaseous system: Reversible isothermal expansion. In ...

Example 3.1 a.Determine the efficiency of a Carnot engine that takes in 855 J of heat, per- forms 225 J of work, and gives off t ...

Equations 3.7 and 3.9 can be divided to get a new expression for the ratio q 3 /q 1 :  q q 3 1  T T h lo ig w h  Substitu ...

therefore contains heats and temperatures from related parts of the universe under consideration. Note that equation 3.11 includ ...

for 1 g of benzene. Since this represents the entropy change for 1 g of ben- zene, we can also write this Sas 1.12 J/gK. The ...

Consider, then, the two-step process illustrated in Figure 3.3, where an irre- versible step takes a system from a set 1 of cond ...

Equation 3.17 also implies dS  d T q  not allowed The last statement is particularly important: the infinitesimal change in Sw ...

Fortunately, most expressions for heat capacity are simple power series in T, whose integrals are easy to evaluate on a term-by- ...

S 1 nRln  p p f i (1.00 mol)8.314  mo J lK ln  1 1 5 .5 .0 0 a a t t m m  S 1 19.1  K J  For the second step, ...

There is another way of generalizing equation 3.21. If two or more gas sam- ples have the same pressure and temperature, then th ...

nN 2  R pV T 0.223 mol N 2 nN 2 O R pV T 0.078 mol N 2 O Since the total number of moles is 0.223 mol + 0.078 mol 0.3 ...

Boltzmann found that the absolute entropy Sof the system is proportional to the natural logarithm of the number of possible comb ...

Example 3.5 The absolute entropy of Fe (s) at 25.0°C and standard pressure is 27.28 J/molK. Approximately how many possible com ...