Physical Chemistry , 1st ed.

temperature or pressure change. Phase diagrams for real solutions show how azeotropes and eutectics can’t be avoided. Colligativ ...

7.2 The Gibbs Phase Rule 7.1.Consult Example 7.1 and assume that now your mixed drink has an olive in it. Now how many degrees o ...

7.5 Liquid/Gas Systems and Henry’s Law 7.26.Convert the units of the Henry’s law constant for CO 2 , in Table 7.1, to units of m ...

7.49.Estimate the osmotic pressure, freezing point, and boil- ing point of seawater, which you can approximate as equiva- lent t ...

M UCH OF CHEMISTRY INVOLVES SPECIES that have charge. Electrons, cations, and anions are all charged particles that interact che ...

of ionic strength, activity, and activity coefficients help us correlate the amount of charge with the behavior of the system. I ...

This equation is known as Coulomb’s law.In order to get the correct unit of force, newtons, from equation 8.2, an additional exp ...

Equations 8.2 and 8.3 involve the force due to electrical charges in a vac- uum. If the electrical charges are in some medium ot ...

8.3 Energy and Work How are these ideas related to energy, the principal quantity of thermody- namics? Let us consider work. We ...

to include the change in work due to the electric charges. We get dG S dT V dp (^)  0 i idni (^)  0 i (^) iziFdni (8.11) ...

The oxidation and reduction electric potential terms do notcancel from equation 8.16. The electric potential of An^ is not going ...

b.If the standard change in the Gibbs free energy of the molar reaction in part a is 1354 kJ, what is the difference between the ...

the zinc metal has reacted to colorless Zn^2 ions. The spontaneous redox re- action is Zn (s) Cu^2 →Zn^2 Cu (s) E°1.104 V How ...

The two independent, physical systems that contain the reactions are called half-cells.The half-cell that contains the oxidation ...

These points define the standard electrochemical reduction potentials, rep- resented by E°. A list of standard reduction potenti ...

Applying Hess’s law, the overall Gvalue for the process is G°overallG° (Rxn 1) G° (Rxn 2) 10,400 75,600 J G°overall 68, ...

need additional tools to determine the electromotive force at nonstandard conditions. Many complex biochemical reactions are ele ...

Solution The expression for Qis Q  [ [ C Zn u 2 2 ] ]  which is 0.00444/0.0333 0.133. Given that the voltage under standard ...

guide about the behavior of an electrochemical system as temperature changes. Since Fis a relatively large number, the change in ...

Example 8.6 Consider the following formation reaction for H 2 O (): 2H 2 (g) O 2 (g) →2H 2 O () IfH°571.66 kJ at 25°C and n ...