An Introduction to Environmental Chemistry

The Oceans 231 40 ° 40 ° 40 ° 80 ° 120 ° 160 ° 160 ° 120 ° 80 ° 40 ° 0 ° 0 ° Aleutian Fig. 6.28Global oceanic deep-water circula ...

Europe Asia Africa North America Arctic^ Sea South America North Atlantic Ocean 0 20 40 60 80 Mediterranean Sea South Atlantic O ...

6.8 Anthropogenic effects on ocean chemistry The activities of humans have had some impacts on both the major and minor element ...

The Baltic contrasts with the nearby North Sea, where oxygen concentrations rarely fall to low levels, despite large inputs of n ...

6.8.2 Human effects on regional seas 2: the Gulf of Mexico The Mississippi river system is one of the largest in the world and d ...

It is difficult to estimate the natural pre-human NO 3 - concentration in rivers, since most have now been affected by human act ...

The NO 3 - concentrations in some rivers have been increased by human activities to concentrations as high as 500mmol l-^1 , alt ...

6.10 Internet search keywords 238 Chapter Six marine biogeochemistry seawater chemistry estuarine chemistry ionic strength halmy ...

7 Global Change 7.1 Why study global-scale environmental chemistry? environmental chemistry? In previous chapters of this book t ...

in recent years several large international programmes have been put in place, the most relevant to environmental chemistry bein ...

been extracted, the time history of the composition of the atmosphere can be established. The results from measurements made usi ...

had taken place, the atmosphere contained close to 280 ppm CO 2 , and more recent data from ice cores indicate that the 280 ppm ...

trast, in autumn and winter, when the processes of respiration and decomposi- tion of plants remains dominate over photosynthesi ...

is cleared and in part burned, but also by bacterially aided decomposition of dead plant matter, including the soil litter (see ...

It is possible that increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 from fossil- fuel burning and land-use change might cause enha ...

the great difficulties in trying to estimate changes in carbon uptake and release by the land biosphere resulting directly or in ...

ature decrease, the main thermocline. This results in enhanced stability of the water column, which inhibits mixing from above o ...

Atmosphere well mixed Surface ocean layer well mixed Deep ocean Vertical diffusion Diffusion First order exchange _ fluxes p ...

tification of the various fuel types burned every year and a knowledge of the amount of CO 2 each produces on combustion. This l ...

in the case of gas), rather than from the conversion of carbon to CO 2 , which provides 80% of the energy when coal is burned. R ...