Wine Chemistry and Biochemistry

460 M. Monagas and B. Bartolom ́e Morata, A., G ́omez-Cordov ́es, M.C., Colomo, B., & Su ́arez, J.A. (2003a). Pyruvic acid a ...

9A Anthocyanins and Anthocyanin-Derived Compounds 461 Revilla, I., P ́erez-Magari ̃no, S., Gonz ́alez-San Jos ́e, M.L., & Be ...

462 M. Monagas and B. Bartolom ́e Sarni-Manchado, P., Fulcrand, H., Souillol, V., Souquet, J.M., & Cheynier, V. (1995). Mech ...

Chapter 9B Flavanols, Flavonols and Dihydroflavonols Nancy Terrier, C ́eline Poncet-Legrand, and Veronique Cheynier ́ Contents 9 ...

464 N. Terrier et al. O OH OH R 1 HO OH R 2 8 7 6 5 4 21 ' 2 ' 3 ' 4 ' 5 ' 6 ' 3 O O OH R 1 HO OH R 2 8 7 6 5 4 21 ' 2 ' 3 ' 4 ' ...

9B Flavanols, Flavonols and Dihydroflavonols 465 9B.1.2 Flavanols 9B.1.2.1 Structure and Localisation Grape flavanols, more accu ...

466 N. Terrier et al. Double linkages, with C2-O-C7 or C2-O-C5 bond in addition to the C4-C6 or C4- C8 bond, give rise to A-type ...

9B Flavanols, Flavonols and Dihydroflavonols 467 Ta b l e 9 B. 1 Flavanol oligomers, flavonols and dihydroflavonols identified i ...

468 N. Terrier et al. Ta b l e 9 B. 1 (continued) Source Reference Detection (–)-Epicatechin 3-gallate-(4 -8)-(–)- epicatechin ( ...

9B Flavanols, Flavonols and Dihydroflavonols 469 Ta b l e 9 B. 1 (continued) Source Reference Detection (–)-Epicatechin-(4 -8)-( ...

470 N. Terrier et al. Ta b l e 9 B. 1 continued Source Reference Detection Isorhamnetin (R1=OCH , R2=H) 3-glucoside 3 Skin Cheyn ...

9B Flavanols, Flavonols and Dihydroflavonols 471 additional dimers containing gallocatechin and epigallocatechin units, either i ...

472 N. Terrier et al. proanthocyanidins (about 20) are also intermediate between those in seeds and skins in all analysed variet ...

9B Flavanols, Flavonols and Dihydroflavonols 473 composition of the berry is also cultivar dependant; Maccabeo berries contain t ...

474 N. Terrier et al. Lee 2002). The amount of flavonols ranged between 2 and 30mg/kg of berry for white skinned cultivars and 4 ...

9B Flavanols, Flavonols and Dihydroflavonols 475 3-glucoside in Riesling wine (Baderschneider and Winterhalter, 2001). Its aver- ...

476 N. Terrier et al. extraction from skins was not influenced by the alcohol content, although the final concentration reached ...

9B Flavanols, Flavonols and Dihydroflavonols 477 The concentrations of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins present in red Grenach ...

478 N. Terrier et al. 9B.3.2 Enzymatic Processes 9B.3.2.1 Enzymatic Oxidation The major grape enzymes involved in flavonoid degr ...

9B Flavanols, Flavonols and Dihydroflavonols 479 OH R monophenol H 2 O ½ O 2 o -quinone OH OH R o -diphenol ½ O 2 H 2 O PPO PPO ...